tRNA methylation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]

tRNA methylation is a crucial post-transcriptional modification process that involves the addition of a methyl group to specific bases within tRNA molecules. This modification plays a vital role in regulating tRNA stability, translation efficiency, and cellular responses to stress.

The process typically occurs in the nucleus and involves a series of enzymatic steps:

1. Recognition: Specific methyltransferases (MTases) recognize and bind to the target tRNA molecule, identifying specific base positions for methylation.
2. Methylation: The MTase catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from a donor molecule, typically S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), to the target base.
3. Deprotonation: The process usually involves the deprotonation of a specific hydrogen atom on the target base to facilitate the methyl group addition.

The most common types of tRNA methylation include:

1. N1-methyladenosine (m1A): This modification occurs at position 9 in the TψC loop and is important for tRNA stability and proper folding.
2. N7-methylguanosine (m7G): This modification is found at position 46 in the dihydrouracil (D) loop and plays a role in tRNA recognition by the ribosome.
3. 2'-O-methylation (Nm): This modification is found at various positions within the tRNA molecule and is involved in maintaining the tRNA structure and function.
4. Pseudouridine (ψ): This modification is formed at position 38 in the TψC loop and contributes to the stability and folding of the tRNA.

The location and type of methylation can influence the tRNA's interaction with other cellular components, such as the ribosome and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These interactions are critical for accurate and efficient protein synthesis.

In addition to its role in translation, tRNA methylation is also involved in various cellular processes, including stress response, development, and immune regulation. Aberrant tRNA methylation patterns have been linked to several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Overall, tRNA methylation is a complex and essential process that plays a vital role in cellular function. Its importance extends beyond protein synthesis to regulate a wide range of cellular processes.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (2)