regulation of tolerance induction

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. [GOC:add]

Tolerance induction, a complex biological process, involves the establishment of a state of reduced responsiveness to a previously encountered stimulus. This process is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and preventing excessive immune responses to harmless antigens or self-antigens. The regulation of tolerance induction is orchestrated by a delicate interplay of various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Key players include antigen-presenting cells (APCs), T lymphocytes, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). APCs, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, play a pivotal role in initiating tolerance by capturing and presenting antigens to T cells. The nature of antigen presentation, the specific costimulatory molecules expressed by APCs, and the cytokine milieu surrounding antigen encounter all contribute to the induction of tolerance. T lymphocytes, particularly naive T cells, are the primary targets of tolerance induction. Upon encountering an antigen, T cells can differentiate into various effector cells, such as T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17), cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), or regulatory T cells (Tregs). The fate of T cell differentiation is determined by the nature of the antigen, the costimulatory signals received, and the cytokines present in the microenvironment. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subset of T cells that play a critical role in maintaining tolerance by suppressing the activity of other immune cells. Tregs express the transcription factor Foxp3 and produce immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β. These cytokines help to dampen immune responses and prevent autoimmune reactions. The induction of tolerance can occur through various mechanisms, including central tolerance, peripheral tolerance, and immune deviation. Central tolerance, established during T cell development in the thymus, eliminates self-reactive T cells, preventing autoimmune responses. Peripheral tolerance, on the other hand, operates in the periphery and involves mechanisms such as anergy, deletion, and suppression. Anergy refers to the state of unresponsiveness of T cells to specific antigens, while deletion involves the elimination of self-reactive T cells in the periphery. Immune deviation refers to the redirection of immune responses towards a non-pathogenic pathway, often by promoting the differentiation of T cells into regulatory T cells. In summary, the regulation of tolerance induction is a multifaceted process involving the coordinated actions of APCs, T cells, and Tregs. The induction of tolerance through various mechanisms, including central tolerance, peripheral tolerance, and immune deviation, is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (4)