reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients. [GOC:pg, GOC:pr, PMID:12161655, PMID:12840200]

The reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess is a complex physiological process that involves multiple regulatory mechanisms. It is often referred to as "satiety" or "food intake suppression". This process is essential for maintaining energy balance and preventing obesity.

Here's a detailed description of the key biological processes involved:

**1. Gut-Brain Signaling:**
* **Sensory Signals:** The presence of food in the digestive system triggers sensory signals related to its taste, smell, texture, and temperature. These signals are sent to the brain via cranial nerves.
* **Chemical Signals:** The stomach and small intestine release hormones like cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and leptin. These hormones act on specific receptors in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus, signaling satiety and reducing appetite.

**2. Hypothalamic Regulation:**
* **Hypothalamus:** This region of the brain acts as the central control center for appetite and energy balance. It receives signals from the gut, liver, and adipose tissue.
* **Neuropeptides:** The hypothalamus releases neuropeptides like neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and melanocortin. These peptides influence appetite:
* NPY and AgRP stimulate hunger.
* Melanocortin inhibits hunger.

**3. Liver and Adipose Tissue Signals:**
* **Leptin:** Adipose tissue releases leptin, a hormone that signals the brain about energy stores. High leptin levels suppress appetite.
* **Insulin:** The liver releases insulin, which also signals satiety. Insulin levels rise after a meal.

**4. Behavioral and Cognitive Factors:**
* **Food Palatability:** The taste and smell of food influence appetite. More palatable foods tend to increase intake.
* **Psychological Stress:** Stress can lead to overeating or undereating depending on the individual.
* **Learning and Habit:** Food preferences and eating habits can be learned and influence intake patterns.

**5. Cellular Mechanisms:**
* **Metabolic Pathways:** Dietary excess leads to increased glucose and fat metabolism, which can directly influence satiety signals.
* **Cellular Signaling:** Hormonal signals interact with receptors on cells in the gut, liver, and brain, triggering complex cellular signaling cascades that modulate appetite.

**In summary, the reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess is a multi-faceted process involving gut-brain signaling, hypothalamic regulation, signals from the liver and adipose tissue, behavioral factors, and cellular mechanisms.**'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (3)