vitamin-b-12 and Gout

Homocysteine, a sulfur amino acid, is an intermediate metabolite of methionine. In 1969, McCully reported autopsy evidence of extensive arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis in children with elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations and homocystinuria. On the basis of this observation, he proposed that elevated plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia) can cause atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hyperhomocysteinemia is now well established as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is quite prevalent in the general population. It can be caused by genetic defects in the enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism or nutritional deficiencies in vitamin cofactors, certain medications or renal disease. An increase of 5 micromol per liter in the plasma homocysteine concentration raises the risk of coronary artery disease by as much as an increase of 20 mg per deciliter in the cholesterol concentration. In this article, we review the biochemical, experimental and clinical studies on hyperhomocysteinemia, with emphasis on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of homocysteine.

Topics: 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase; Animals; Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase; Cardiovascular Diseases; Deuterium; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gout; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Isotope Labeling; Methionine; Oxidation-Reduction; Risk Factors; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Delayed Diagnosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gout; Humans; Hypertension; Lichen Planus; Melanosis; Nail Diseases; Remission Induction; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Female; Gout; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Radioimmunoassay; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Female; Foot Diseases; Gout; Humans; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminopyrine; Analgesics; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Child; Female; Gout; Humans; Intervertebral Disc Displacement; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Periarthritis; Pyridoxine; Quinolines; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminopyrine; Analgesics; Female; Gout; Humans; Joint Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Neuralgia; Neuritis; Pyridoxine; Quinolines; Spinal Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminopyrine; Arthritis; Female; Gout; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyridoxine; Quinolines; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Calcium; Dihydrotachysterol; Edetic Acid; Female; Gout; Hand; Humans; Middle Aged; Nephrocalcinosis; Radiography; Radioisotope Renography; Shoulder; Tetany; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Cobalt Isotopes; Creatine; Creatinine; Diagnosis; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Gout; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Injections, Intravenous; Inulin; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Uric Acid; Urine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Arthritis; Coenzymes; Foot Diseases; Geriatrics; Gout; Humans; Neuritis; Niacin; Osteoarthritis; Podiatry; Prednisolone; Tenosynovitis; Varicose Ulcer; Vitamin B 12