arginine has been researched along with Ache in 126 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 2 (1.59) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 31 (24.60) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 50 (39.68) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 33 (26.19) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 10 (7.94) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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Abbaszadeh, F; Fakhri, S; Farzaei, MH; Mohammadi, S; Mohammadi-Farani, A | 1 |
Bakshi, N; Dampier, C; Figueroa, J; Khemani, K; Kumari, P; Lane, PA; Leake, D; Morris, CR; Reyes, LZ | 1 |
Gladwin, MT; Hopper, RK | 1 |
Cunha, MP; Dafre, AL; de Almeida, GRL; Selhorst, I; Szczepanik, JC | 1 |
Arslan, G; Demirkazik, A; Ozdemir, E; Pelit, A; Taskiran, AS | 1 |
Brown, LAS; Dampier, CD; Figueroa, J; Harris, F; Kumari, P; Lane, PA; Manoranjithan, S; Mendis, RD; Morris, CR; Reynolds, M; Shiva, S; Watt, A | 1 |
Edwards, M; Matheson, JR; Newcombe, RG; Seong, J; Weddell, L; West, NX | 1 |
Ahmadi-Zeidabadi, M; Jeddi, S; Kohlmeier, KA; Mohammadi, F; Shabani, M | 1 |
Abbaszadeh, F; Ahmadpour, Y; Fakhri, S; Ghanbarveisi, F; Gravandi, MM; Iranpanah, A; Kooshki, L; Moradi, SZ; Rezaei, H | 1 |
Gladwin, MT; Kim-Shapiro, DB | 1 |
Ahmadimoghaddam, D; Izadidastenaei, Z; Mohammadi, S; Salehi, I; Zarei, M | 1 |
Fouladzadeh, A; Ghafghazi, S; Moghimi, M; Nemati, Y; Parvardeh, S; Safaripour, S | 1 |
Liu, WZ; Wang, CL; Wang, XF; Yang, DJ; Yuan, BY; Zhang, YZ | 1 |
Hamada, Y; Narita, M; Neyama, H; Tsukahara, R; Tsukamoto, K; Ueda, H | 1 |
Andrade Próspero, DF; de Castro Almeida, FR; de Sousa, DP; Lopes, EM; Piauilino, CA; Reis Filho, AC | 1 |
Claydon, NC; Davies, M; Macdonald, EL; Seong, J; West, NX | 1 |
Milovanović, A; Prostran, M; Srebro, DP; Vučetić, Č; Vučković, S; Vujović, KS | 1 |
Plotnikov, DV; Sever'yanova, LА | 1 |
Adesanya, ET; Adeyemi, OO; Alohan, DO; Ishola, IO | 1 |
Hara, T; Ide, S; Kaneda, K; Koseki, K; Maruyama, C; Minami, M; Naka, T; Ohno, A; Tamano, R; Yoshioka, M | 1 |
Santana, DG; Santos, CA; Santos, DS; Thomazzi, SM | 1 |
Ansari, M; Gildengorin, G; Kuypers, FA; Lavrisha, L; Morris, CR; Neumayr, L; Stewart, M; Sweeters, N; Vichinsky, EP | 1 |
Cortes, S; Costa, A; Duarte, I; Galdino, G; Romero, T; Santos, R; Silva, G | 1 |
Prostran, MS; Savic Vujovic, KR; Srebro, DP; Vucković, SM | 1 |
Chen, JQ; Dai, TJ; Tang, QF; Zeng, YM | 1 |
Acuña, MA; Benke, D; Ralvenius, WT; Rudolph, U; Zeilhofer, HU | 1 |
Dehpour, AR; Ejtemaei-Mehr, S; Hassanipour, M; Khan, MI; Moghaddaskho, F; Momeny, M; Mumtaz, F; Ostadhadi, S | 1 |
Kuphal, KE; Pedrazzini, T; Solway, B; Taylor, BK | 1 |
Jesse, CR; Nogueira, CW; Rocha, JB; Savegnago, L | 1 |
Dyuizen, IV; Lamash, NE | 1 |
Hernández, L; Páez, X; Quiñones, B; Silva, E | 1 |
Calixto, JB; Chaves, J; Ferreira, VM; Guginski, G; Luiz, AP; Martins, DF; Massaro, M; Mattos, RW; Santos, AR; Silva, MD; Silveira, D | 1 |
Miyazaki, R; Yamada, T; Yamamoto, T | 1 |
Chereshnev, I; Criesta, M; Kolesnikov, YA; Pan, YX; Pasternak, GW | 1 |
Amaral, JF; Araújo, FL; Barbosa-Filho, JM; de Sousa, FC; Gutierrez, SJ; Leite, CP; Melo, CT; Moura, BA; Rocha, NF; Vasconcelos, SM; Viana, GS | 1 |
Clemente-Napimoga, JT; Ferreira, VH; Napimoga, MH; Parada, CA; Pellegrini-da-Silva, A; Tambeli, CH | 1 |
Hashemi, M; Karami, M; Sahebgharani, M; Zarrindast, MR | 1 |
Li, K; Qi, WX | 1 |
Guo, C; Li, Q; Ni, JM; Wang, CL; Wang, R; Wang, YQ; Zhou, Y | 1 |
Akhtar, MN; Akira, A; Israf, DA; Khalid, MH; Khalivulla, SI; Lajis, N; Mohamad, AS; Ong, HM; Perimal, EK; Sulaiman, MR; Zareen, S | 1 |
Bernardo, A; Capsoni, S; Cattaneo, A; Ceci, M; Covaceuszach, S; Marinelli, S; Minghetti, L; Pavone, F; Ugolini, G | 1 |
Ellrich, J; Isaak, A | 1 |
Bose, SC; Corder, G; Donahue, RR; Solway, B; Taylor, BK | 1 |
Akhtar, MN; Akira, A; Israf, DA; Khalid, MH; Lajis, N; Mohamad, AS; Perimal, EK; Sulaiman, MR | 1 |
Baydemir, C; Dogan, AE; Erol, K; Kilic, FS | 1 |
Côrtes, SF; Duarte, ID; Galdino, GS; Perez, AC; Resende, LC; Romero, TR; Silva, GC | 1 |
Bode-Böger, SM; Jäger, K; Kielstein, JT; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J; Nave, H; Perthel, R; Rong, S; Suntharalingam, M | 1 |
Hosseini, M; Karami, R; Khatami, L; Khodabandehloo, F; Taiarani, Z | 1 |
Bustos, PS; Cabrera, JL; Chiabrando, GA; Ortega, MG; Pierosan, L; Santos, AR; Saragusti, AC | 1 |
Alves, DP; da Motta, PG; Duarte, ID; Klein, A; Romero, TR | 1 |
Cavalcante Melo, FH; Citó, Mdo C; de Sousa, DP; de Sousa, FC; de Vasconcelos, SM; Fernandes, ML; Rios, ER; Rocha, NF | 1 |
Franke, S; Hein, G | 1 |
Amarante, LH; Duarte, ID | 1 |
Chelly, JE; Doursout, MF; Liang, Y | 1 |
He, ZJ; Micci, MA; Pasricha, PJ; Shenoy, M; Toma, H; Winston, JH; Xiao, SY; Zou, L | 1 |
Sadan, G; Tasatargil, A | 1 |
Fang, L; Lin, Q; Ren, Y; Wang, J; Willis, WD; Zou, X | 1 |
Déciga-Campos, M; López-Muñoz, FJ | 1 |
Dmitrieva, N; Hernández, L; Pérez, J; Rodríguez-Malaver, AJ | 1 |
Bocheva, A | 1 |
Déciga-Campos, M; Díaz-Reval, MI; González-Trujano, ME; López-Muñoz, FJ; Ventura-Martínez, R | 1 |
Angers, P; Dalbó, S; Jürgensen, S; Ribeiro-do-Valle, RM; Santos, AR | 1 |
Aronov, S; Ben-Abraham, R; Givati-Divshi, D; Katz, Y | 2 |
Kamei, J; Saitoh, A; Tamura, N | 1 |
Calixto, JB; Kassuya, CA; Luiz, AP; Meotti, FC; Pizzolatti, MG; Santos, AR | 1 |
Bunnett, NW; Divino, LA; Grady, EF; Grahn, SW; Hoge, SG; Kim, E; Kirkwood, KS; Wick, EC | 1 |
Grady, EF; Kirkwood, KS; Pikios, S; Wick, EC | 1 |
Facundo, VA; Marques, MC; Pietrovski, EF; Rios, K; Rosa, KA; Santos, AR | 1 |
Miguel, TT; Nunes-de-Souza, RL | 1 |
Abdel-Hady, RH; Abdel-Rahman, S; Abdel-Zaher, AO; Aly, SA; Hamdy, MM | 1 |
Abdullah, FC; Balakhrisnan, G; Jais, AM; Jayaraman, KV; Somchit, MN; Sulaiman, MR; Zakaria, ZA | 1 |
Brito, GA; Cunha, FQ; Ferreira, SH; Lotufo, CM; Ribeiro, RA; Sachs, D; Vale, ML | 1 |
Belmonte, C; Carreño, C; Fernández-Carvajal, A; Ferrer-Montiel, A; Ferroni, S; García-Martínez, C; Gomis, A; Valenzuela, B; Van Den Nest, W | 1 |
Bramwell, S; Corradini, L; Cox, PJ; Dolphin, AC; England, S; Field, MJ; Hendrich, J; Kinloch, RA; Melrose, H; Offord, J; Stott, E; Su, TZ; Webb, T; Williams, D; Winks, J | 1 |
Hernández, L; Silva, E | 1 |
Joharchi, K; Jorjani, M | 1 |
Abacioglu, N; Altug, S; Tunctan, B; Uludag, O; Zengil, H | 1 |
Galloway, GP; Kielstein, A; Mendelson, JE; Tsikas, D | 1 |
Azevedo, AO; Braga, FC; Campos, JJ; Duarte, ID; Galdino, GS; Perez, AC | 1 |
Kienle, G | 1 |
Hao, JX; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z; Xu, XJ | 1 |
de Vente, J; Garthwaite, J; Gittins, SR; Morris, R; Southam, E | 1 |
Kawabata, A; Manabe, S; Manabe, Y; Takagi, H | 1 |
Coderre, TJ; Yashpal, K | 1 |
Rice, AS | 1 |
Hayaishi, O; Hyodo, M; Ito, S; Minami, T; Nishihara, I; Sakamoto, K | 1 |
Babbedge, RC; Gaffen, ZA; Hart, SL; Moore, PK; Wallace, P | 1 |
Mizuguchi, T; Shimoyama, N; Yamamoto, T | 1 |
Björkman, R | 1 |
Feria, M; Niedbala, B; Sánchez, A | 1 |
Gebhart, GF; Kolhekar, R; Meller, ST | 1 |
Asano, H; Mizuguchi, T; Shimoyama, N; Yamamoto, T | 1 |
Malmberg, AB; Yaksh, TL | 1 |
Calixto, JB; Filho, VC; Santos, AR; Yunes, RA | 1 |
Hayaishi, O; Ito, S; Minami, T; Mori, H; Okuda-Ashitaka, E; Onaka, M | 1 |
Ferreira, SH; Lorenzetti, BB | 1 |
Bhargava, HN; Bian, JT | 1 |
Basak, AK; Das, M; Koley, B; Koley, J; Sinha, S | 1 |
Kamenskiĭ, AA; Mikoian, VD; Savel'eva, KV; Sebentsova, EA; Vanin, AF | 1 |
Danilova, EI; Grafova, VN; Kukushkin, ML; Zinkevich, VA | 1 |
Goto, K; Ishige, A; Kamei, J; Komatsu, Y; Suzuki, Y | 1 |
Ahn, C; Alvarez, M; Buchman, AL; Dennis, K; O'Brien, W; Ou, CN; Rognerud, C | 1 |
Budziñski, M; Dorociak, A; Gumulka, W; Misterek, K | 1 |
Lawand, NB; McNearney, T; Westlund, KN | 1 |
Abacioğlu, N; Cakici, I; Demir, S; Kanzik, I; Tunçtan, B | 1 |
Alba, G; Contreras, Q; Guerrero, F; Hernandez, L; Silva, E | 1 |
Aracil, A; Belmonte, C; Ferrer-Montiel, AV; Gallar, J; González-Ros, JM; Merino, JM; Pérez-Payá, E; Planells-Cases, R | 1 |
Francés, B; Latapie, JP; Zajac, JM | 1 |
Bartholomew, J; Berkowitz, SD; Fareed, J; Hursting, MJ; Jang, IK; Kelton, JG; Lerner, RG; Lewis, BE; Matthai, WH; Moran, J; Rifkin, SD; Rustagi, PK; Sham, R; Walenga, JM; Wallis, DE; Zeigler, ZR | 1 |
Ichikawa, A; Ito, S; Kobayashi, T; Minami, T; Nakano, H; Narumiya, S; Sugimoto, Y; Ushikubi, F | 1 |
Fujii, K; Kanno, Y; Konishi, K; Ohgou, N | 1 |
Jain, NK; Kulkarni, SK; Patil, CS; Singh, A | 1 |
Cai, Y; Kovacs, KJ; Larson, AA | 1 |
Freund, N; Gonzalez, LE; Hernandez, L; Quiñones, B; Silva, E | 1 |
Chapman, V; Dickenson, A; Haley, J; Schachter, M | 1 |
Dykstra, C; Gebhart, GF; Meller, ST | 1 |
Pieper, GM; Tseng, LF; Xu, JY | 1 |
Babbedge, RC; Gaffen, Z; Hart, SL; Moore, PK; Morgan, CV; Wallace, P | 1 |
Gebhart, GF; Maves, TJ; Meller, ST; Pechman, PS | 1 |
Ceppi Monti, N; Gazzaniga, A; Gianesello, V; Lodola, E; Stroppolo, F | 1 |
Harima, A; Shimizu, H; Takagi, H | 1 |
Babbedge, RC; Hart, SL; Moore, PK; Oluyomi, AO; Wallace, P | 1 |
Takagi, H | 1 |
Cook, A; Goldberg, A; Herrick, AL; McColl, KE; Moore, MR | 1 |
Sun, J; Yan, J; Zeng, Z | 1 |
5 review(s) available for arginine and Ache
Article | Year |
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The expanding impact of methylglyoxal on behavior-related disorders.
Topics: Arginine; Cysteine; Dopamine; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Humans; Lysine; Magnesium Oxide; Mental Disorders; Nucleotides; Pain; Pyruvaldehyde | 2023 |
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)--a modulator of nociception in opiate tolerance and addiction?
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Arginine; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pain | 2007 |
Central antinociceptive effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol. Experimental studies in the rat.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Chemoreceptor Cells; Diclofenac; Ibuprofen; Male; Mechanoreceptors; Naloxone; Nociceptors; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Receptors, Neurokinin-1; Receptors, Serotonin; Spinal Cord; Thermoreceptors | 1995 |
Electrophysiological approaches to the study of bradykinin and nitric oxide in inflammatory pain.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Bradykinin; Formaldehyde; Inflammation; Neurons; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Pain; Rats; Receptors, Bradykinin; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Spinal Cord | 1992 |
[Physiological and pharmacological actions of a neuroactive dipeptide, kyotorphin, and its precursor, L-arginine, and clinical application].
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Brain; Chronic Disease; Endorphins; Humans; Pain | 1990 |
10 trial(s) available for arginine and Ache
Article | Year |
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Safety of intravenous arginine therapy in children with sickle cell disease hospitalized for vaso-occlusive pain: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in progress.
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Arginine; Child; Child, Preschool; Hospitalization; Humans; Pain; Placebo Effect; Prospective Studies; Young Adult | 2022 |
Impact of arginine therapy on mitochondrial function in children with sickle cell disease during vaso-occlusive pain.
Topics: Adolescent; Analgesics, Opioid; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Arginine; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mitochondria; Oxidative Stress; Pain; Prospective Studies | 2020 |
A randomised controlled trial investigating efficacy of a novel toothpaste containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate in dentine hypersensitivity pain reduction compared to a fluoride control toothpaste.
Topics: Adult; Arginine; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Compounds; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind Method; Fluorides; Humans; Pain; Phosphates; Quality of Life; Silicates; Sodium Fluoride; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome | 2020 |
Randomized clinical trial to determine if changes in dentin tubule occlusion visualized by SEM of replica impressions correlate with pain scores.
Topics: Arginine; Calcium Carbonate; Dentin; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Fluorides; Humans; Pain; Pain Management; Phosphates; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome | 2018 |
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of arginine therapy for the treatment of children with sickle cell disease hospitalized with vaso-occlusive pain episodes.
Topics: Adolescent; Analgesics, Opioid; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Arginine; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Pain; Pain Measurement; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome | 2013 |
The effect of arginine or glycine supplementation on gastrointestinal function, muscle injury, serum amino acid concentrations and performance during a marathon run.
Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Arginine; Dietary Supplements; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Glycine; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Ischemia; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle, Skeletal; Pain; Physical Endurance; Running | 1999 |
Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Topics: Aged; Anticoagulants; Arginine; Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Tests; Diarrhea; Exanthema; Female; Hemorrhage; Heparin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Pipecolic Acids; Purpura; Sulfonamides; Thrombocytopenia; Treatment Outcome | 2001 |
A specific thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, alleviates herpes zoster-associated pain.
Topics: Aged; Antithrombin III; Antithrombins; Arginine; Female; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Pain Measurement; Peptide Hydrolases; Pipecolic Acids; Prospective Studies; Prothrombin; Statistics, Nonparametric; Sulfonamides; Treatment Outcome; Up-Regulation | 2001 |
Activity and pharmacokinetics of a new oral dosage form of soluble ibuprofen.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arginine; Biological Availability; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ibuprofen; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Powders | 1992 |
Controlled trial of haem arginate in acute hepatic porphyria.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Arginine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Heme; Heroin; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intravenous; Liver Diseases; Male; Meperidine; Pain; Phlebitis; Porphyrias; Random Allocation; Recurrence; Severity of Illness Index | 1989 |
111 other study(ies) available for arginine and Ache
Article | Year |
---|---|
Astaxanthin engages the l-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP channel signaling pathway toward antinociceptive effects.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glyburide; KATP Channels; Male; Mice; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Signal Transduction; Sildenafil Citrate; Xanthophylls | 2021 |
Revisiting Arginine Therapy for Sickle Cell Acute Vasoocclusive Painful Crisis.
Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Arginine; Child; Child, Hospitalized; Hemodynamics; Humans; Pain; Prospective Studies | 2022 |
The effects of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on analgesia in the nitric oxide pathway.
Topics: Analgesia; Animals; Arginine; Electromagnetic Fields; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Management; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Temperature | 2019 |
Affective dimensions of pain and region -specific involvement of nitric oxide in the development of empathic hyperalgesia.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Empathy; Female; Hyperalgesia; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nociception; Pain; Rats, Wistar | 2020 |
The antinociceptive mechanisms of melatonin: role of L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP/KATP channel signaling pathway.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Animals, Outbred Strains; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; KATP Channels; Male; Melatonin; Mice; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Signal Transduction | 2020 |
Arginine for mitochondrial oxidative enzymopathy.
Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Arginine; Child; Humans; Mitochondria; Oxidative Stress; Pain | 2020 |
Bupleurum falcatum L. alleviates nociceptive and neuropathic pain: Potential mechanisms of action.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Bupleurum; Cyclic GMP; Formaldehyde; Hyperalgesia; Iran; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Oils, Volatile; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Oils; Plant Roots; Potassium Channels; Spinal Cord Injuries | 2021 |
Role of l-arginine/SNAP/NO/cGMP/K
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; Cyclohexenes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; KATP Channels; Male; Mice; Monoterpenes; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Measurement; S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; Signal Transduction; Treatment Outcome | 2018 |
Endomorphin-1 analogs with oligoarginine-conjugation at C-terminus produce potent antinociception with reduced opioid tolerance in paw withdrawal test.
Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Drug Tolerance; Hindlimb; Hot Temperature; Male; Mice; Models, Animal; Oligopeptides; Pain; Receptors, Opioid, mu | 2018 |
Blockade of analgesic effects following systemic administration of N-methyl-kyotorphin, NMYR and arginine in mice deficient of preproenkephalin or proopiomelanocortin gene.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; CHO Cells; Cricetulus; Enkephalins; Gene Knockout Techniques; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuropeptides; Pain; Pain Management; Pro-Opiomelanocortin; Protein Precursors | 2018 |
Effects of isopulegol in acute nociception in mice: Possible involvement of muscarinic receptors, opioid system and l-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway.
Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Capsaicin; Cyclic GMP; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; Female; Formaldehyde; Glutamic Acid; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Receptors, Muscarinic; Receptors, Opioid; Signal Transduction; Terpenes | 2018 |
Preventive treatment with dizocilpine attenuates oedema in a carrageenan model of inflammation: the interaction of glutamatergic and nitrergic signaling.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arginine; Carrageenan; Dizocilpine Maleate; Edema; Inflammation; Isothiuronium; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 2019 |
Binding of Glyprolines to L-Arginine Inverts Its Analgesic and Antiagressogenic Effects.
Topics: Aggression; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroshock; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Oligopeptides; Pain; Proline; Protein Binding; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tranquilizing Agents | 2018 |
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Tetracera alnifolia Willd. (Dilleniaceae) hydroethanolic leaf extract.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arginine; Arthritis; Carrageenan; Dilleniaceae; Edema; Glyburide; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Mice; Naloxone; Pain; Pain Measurement; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats | 2018 |
Opposing roles of corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y within the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the negative affective component of pain in rats.
Topics: Action Potentials; Affective Symptoms; Analysis of Variance; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Arginine; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Cyclohexanes; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Formaldehyde; GABA Antagonists; Hormone Antagonists; Hormones; In Vitro Techniques; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Membrane Potentials; Microdialysis; Neurons; Neuropeptide Y; Pain; Pain Measurement; Peptide Fragments; Pyridazines; Pyrimidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei; Xanthenes | 2013 |
Evaluation of mechanisms involved in the antinociception of the ethanol extract from the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis in mice.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Caesalpinia; Capsaicin; Ethanol; Female; Glutamic Acid; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Solvents | 2013 |
Ang-(1-7) activates the NO/cGMP and ATP-sensitive K+ channels pathway to induce peripheral antinociception in rats.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Analgesics; Angiotensin I; Animals; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; Dinoprostone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hyperalgesia; KATP Channels; Male; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Measurement; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2014 |
Nitric oxide synthase modulates the antihyperalgesic effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on Carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in rats.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Carrageenan; Dizocilpine Maleate; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Isothiuronium; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Pain Threshold; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 2014 |
Intrathecal L-arginine reduces the antinociception of sevoflurane in formalin-induced pain in rats.
Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Arginine; Injections, Spinal; Methyl Ethers; Neurons; Nitric Oxide; Nociception; Pain; Pain Measurement; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sevoflurane; Spinal Cord | 2015 |
Analgesia and unwanted benzodiazepine effects in point-mutated mice expressing only one benzodiazepine-sensitive GABAA receptor subtype.
Topics: Analgesia; Animals; Arginine; Benzodiazepines; Diazepam; GABA Modulators; Gene Expression; Histidine; Hyperalgesia; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Mice; Midazolam; Pain; Pain Management; Point Mutation; Receptors, GABA-A; Spinal Cord | 2015 |
Thalidomide attenuates the development and expression of antinociceptive tolerance to μ-opioid agonist morphine through l-arginine-iNOS and nitric oxide pathway.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Cell Line, Tumor; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Gene Expression Regulation; Hot Temperature; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mice; Morphine; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Pain; Pain Measurement; Thalidomide | 2017 |
Y1 receptor knockout increases nociception and prevents the anti-allodynic actions of NPY.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neuropeptide Y; Pain; Pain Measurement; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; Sciatic Neuropathy | 2008 |
Further analysis of the antinociceptive action caused by p-methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide in mice.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Benzazepines; Benzene Derivatives; Bradykinin; Dopamine Antagonists; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Mice; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Organoselenium Compounds; Pain; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate | 2009 |
Effects of NO-modulating agents on the development of acute painful reaction in rats.
Topics: Agmatine; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Formaldehyde; Inflammation; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spectrophotometry | 2008 |
[Effect of a simple morphine system injection in some aminoacids in the anterior cingulate cortex during acute pain].
Topics: Acute Disease; Amino Acids; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Cerebral Cortex; Disinfectants; Formaldehyde; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Gyrus Cinguli; Male; Microdialysis; Morphine; Pain; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2008 |
Mechanisms involved in the antinociception caused by ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) in mice.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Atropine; Cinnamates; Depsides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Formaldehyde; Glutamic Acid; Male; Mecamylamine; Melissa; Mice; Motor Activity; Naloxone; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Threshold; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Receptors, Muscarinic; Receptors, Nicotinic; Rosmarinic Acid | 2009 |
Intracerebroventricular administration of 26RFa produces an analgesic effect in the rat formalin test.
Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Arginine; Formaldehyde; Hot Temperature; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Narcotic Antagonists; Neuropeptide Y; Neuropeptides; Oligopeptides; Pain; Pain Measurement; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Spinal Cord | 2009 |
Opposing actions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase isoforms in formalin-induced pain in mice.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine; Drug Tolerance; Formaldehyde; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Morphine; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Nitroarginine; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold | 2009 |
Antinociceptive effects of (O-methyl)-N-benzoyl tyramine (riparin I) from Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) in mice.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Benzamides; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Formaldehyde; Hot Temperature; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lauraceae; Male; Mice; Morphine; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Pain Measurement; Reaction Time; Time Factors; Tyramine | 2009 |
Gonadal hormones decrease temporomandibular joint kappa-mediated antinociception through a down-regulation in the expression of kappa opioid receptors in the trigeminal ganglia.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; Down-Regulation; Female; Gonadal Hormones; Humans; Male; Nitric Oxide; omega-N-Methylarginine; Oxadiazoles; Pain; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Sex Characteristics; Signal Transduction; Temporomandibular Joint; Trigeminal Ganglion | 2009 |
Role of nitric oxide in the rat hippocampal CA1 in morphine antinociception.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; Central Nervous System Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Formaldehyde; Inflammation; Male; Morphine; NADPH Dehydrogenase; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors | 2010 |
Effects of multiple intrathecal administration of L-arginine with different doses on formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses in rats.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Central Nervous System Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Formaldehyde; Hindlimb; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Spinal; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Pain; Photomicrography; Posterior Horn Cells; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors | 2010 |
Synthesis and antinociceptive effects of endomorphin-1 analogs with C-terminal linked by oligoarginine.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Brain; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Guinea Pigs; Ileum; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muscle Contraction; Naloxone; Oligopeptides; Pain; Pain Measurement; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, delta; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Vas Deferens | 2011 |
Possible participation of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase C/ATP-sensitive K(+) channels pathway in the systemic antinociception of flavokawin B.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Glyburide; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Potassium Channels; Protein Kinase C; Signal Transduction | 2011 |
Taking pain out of NGF: a "painless" NGF mutant, linked to hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type V, with full neurotrophic activity.
Topics: Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Arginine; BALB 3T3 Cells; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies; Humans; Male; Mice; Mutant Proteins; Nerve Growth Factors; Pain; Pain Perception; PC12 Cells; Rats; Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor; Sensory Receptor Cells; Tryptophan | 2011 |
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is involved in the induction of nerve growth factor-induced neck muscle nociception.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Brain Stem; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neck Muscles; Nerve Growth Factor; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Pain; Reflex; Tension-Type Headache | 2011 |
Tonic inhibition of chronic pain by neuropeptide Y.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Benzazepines; Chronic Disease; Gene Expression Regulation; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neuropeptide Y; Nociceptors; Pain; Posterior Horn Cells; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; Synaptic Transmission | 2011 |
Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil of Zingiber zerumbet in mice: possible mechanisms.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Cyclic GMP; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutamic Acid; Injections, Intraperitoneal; KATP Channels; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Neural Pathways; Nitric Oxide; Oils, Volatile; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Plant Oils; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Protein Kinase C; Signal Transduction; TRPV Cation Channels; Zingiber officinale | 2011 |
The acute effects of mirtazapine on pain related behavior in healthy animals.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Cyproheptadine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mianserin; Mice; Mirtazapine; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin Antagonists | 2011 |
Ketamine activates the L-arginine/Nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway to induce peripheral antinociception in rats.
Topics: Analgesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Arginine; Cyclic AMP; Dinoprostone; Drug Synergism; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Guanylate Cyclase; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Male; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Oxadiazoles; Pain; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Signal Transduction | 2011 |
Asymmetric dimethylarginine may mediate increased heat pain threshold in experimental chronic kidney disease.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hot Temperature; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Nephrectomy; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Pain Threshold; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2012 |
Different effects of L-arginine on morphine tolerance in sham and ovariectomized female mice.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Drug Interactions; Drug Tolerance; Female; Gonadal Hormones; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Morphine; Nitric Oxide; Ovariectomy; Pain | 2011 |
Involvement of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in the antinociception caused by fruits of Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Argentina; Arginine; Aspirin; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fruit; Macrophages; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Morphine; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Prosopis | 2012 |
NO/cGMP production is important for the endogenous peripheral control of hyperalgesia during inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Carrageenan; Cyclic GMP; Dinoprostone; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Male; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pressure; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2013 |
Antinociceptive activity of carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol) in mice.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Cymenes; Disease Models, Animal; Formaldehyde; Hot Temperature; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Monoterpenes; Motor Activity; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Oils, Volatile; Origanum; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Thymus Plant | 2012 |
Are advanced glycation end-product-modified proteins of pathogenetic importance in fibromyalgia?
Topics: Adult; Arginine; Collagen; Cross-Linking Reagents; Female; Fibromyalgia; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Humans; Lysine; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidative Stress; Pain | 2002 |
The kappa-opioid agonist (+/-)-bremazocine elicits peripheral antinociception by activation of the L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Benzomorphans; Cyclic GMP; Guanylate Cyclase; Hyperalgesia; Male; Methylene Blue; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Pain; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinones; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, kappa | 2002 |
NOS inhibitors exhibit antinociceptive properties in the rat formalin test.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Blood Pressure; Enzyme Inhibitors; Formaldehyde; Guanidines; Heart Rate; Indazoles; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Chloride; Time Factors | 2003 |
Acute pancreatitis results in referred mechanical hypersensitivity and neuropeptide up-regulation that can be suppressed by the protein kinase inhibitor k252a.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Carbazoles; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ganglia, Spinal; Indole Alkaloids; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Threshold; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing; Phosphorylation; Physical Stimulation; Protein Kinase C; Protein Precursors; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, trkA; RNA, Messenger; Spinal Cord; Substance P; Tachykinins; Up-Regulation | 2003 |
Reduction in [D-Ala2, NMePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin-induced peripheral antinociception in diabetic rats: the role of the L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Blood Glucose; Cyclic GMP; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; Enzyme Inhibitors; Formaldehyde; Guanylate Cyclase; Male; Methylene Blue; Molsidomine; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2004 |
Involvement of peripheral neuropeptide Y receptors in sympathetic modulation of acute cutaneous flare induced by intradermal capsaicin.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Benzazepines; Bicuculline; Capsaicin; Foot; GABA Antagonists; Inflammation; Injections, Spinal; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; Male; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; Skin; Spinal Cord; Sympathectomy; Sympathetic Nervous System | 2004 |
Participation of the NO-cyclic GMP pathway in rofecoxib-induced antinociception.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Guanylate Cyclase; Isoenzymes; Lactones; Molsidomine; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxadiazoles; Pain; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfones; Uric Acid | 2003 |
Differential release of neurotransmitters from superficial and deep layers of the dorsal horn in response to acute noxious stimulation and inflammation of the rat paw.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Animals; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Chondrus; Extracellular Fluid; Foot; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Inflammation; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Agents; Pain; Posterior Horn Cells; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time; Synaptic Transmission; Up-Regulation | 2004 |
Effect of D-arginine on antinociception induced by kyotorphin, Tyr-cav, L-cav and Tyr(Cl2)-cav in rats.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Canavanine; Endorphins; Male; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stereoisomerism | 2004 |
Peripheral involvement of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in the indomethacin-induced antinociception in rat.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arginine; Chronic Disease; Cyclic GMP; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Gout; Indomethacin; Nerve Tissue Proteins; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Nitroprusside; Pain; Pain Measurement; Peripheral Nervous System; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Uric Acid | 2004 |
Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in the antinociceptive effect of Uncaria tomentosa.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Atropine; Behavior, Animal; Capsaicin; Cat's Claw; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Formaldehyde; Ketanserin; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Naltrexone; Pain; Pain Measurement; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Prazosin; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2; Reserpine; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists; Serotonin Antagonists; Yohimbine | 2005 |
Involvement of nitric oxide in clonidine-induced spinal analgesia.
Topics: Acute Disease; Analgesia; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Clonidine; Injections, Spinal; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitroglycerin; Pain | 2005 |
Cerebroventricular injection of clonidine causes analgesia mediated by a nitrogen pathway.
Topics: Acute Disease; Analgesia; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Cerebral Ventricles; Clonidine; Injections; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitroglycerin; Pain; Random Allocation | 2005 |
Possible involvement of the spinal nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in vincristine-induced painful neuropathy in mice.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine; Blotting, Western; Cyclic GMP; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors; Injections, Spinal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Oxadiazoles; Pain; Pain Measurement; Quinoxalines; Reaction Time; Spinal Cord; Time Factors; Vincristine | 2005 |
Analysis of the antinociceptive effect of the flavonoid myricitrin: evidence for a role of the L-arginine-nitric oxide and protein kinase C pathways.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Arginine; Blotting, Western; Female; Flavonoids; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Measurement; Protein Kinase C; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2006 |
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P mediate nociception in acute pancreatitis.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Capsaicin; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Spinal Cord; Spinal Nerves; Substance P; TRPV Cation Channels | 2006 |
Calcitonin gene-related peptide partially mediates nociception in acute experimental pancreatitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arginine; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Necrosis; Pain; Pancreatitis; Posterior Horn Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2006 |
Antinociceptive properties of the ethanolic extract and of the triterpene 3beta,6beta,16beta-trihidroxilup-20(29)-ene obtained from the flowers of Combretum leprosum in mice.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Capsaicin; Combretum; Endorphins; Flowers; Formaldehyde; Glutamic Acid; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Measurement; Plant Extracts; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Serotonin; Triterpenes | 2006 |
Defensive-like behaviors and antinociception induced by NMDA injection into the periaqueductal gray of mice depend on nitric oxide synthesis.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic; Male; Mice; N-Methylaspartate; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Pain Measurement; Periaqueductal Gray; Reaction Time; Running | 2006 |
Attenuation of morphine tolerance and dependence by aminoguanidine in mice.
Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Dizocilpine Maleate; Drug Tolerance; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamates; Guanidines; Male; Mice; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Naloxone; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitrites; Pain; Pain Measurement; Time Factors | 2006 |
The antinociceptive activity of Muntingia calabura aqueous extract and the involvement of L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in its observed activity in mice.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Cyclic GMP; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Elaeocarpaceae; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guanylate Cyclase; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; omega-N-Methylarginine; Pain; Pain Measurement; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Signal Transduction | 2006 |
Peripheral antinociceptive effect of pertussis toxin: activation of the arginine/NO/cGMP/PKG/ ATP-sensitive K channel pathway.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Analgesia; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Bucladesine; Carbazoles; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Dinoprostone; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ganglia, Spinal; Glyburide; Indoles; KATP Channels; Male; Neurons; Nitric Oxide; omega-N-Methylarginine; Oxadiazoles; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pertussis Toxin; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Tolbutamide | 2006 |
Design and characterization of a noncompetitive antagonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid subunit 1 channel with in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arginine; Capsaicin; Chlorocebus aethiops; COS Cells; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Design; Female; Glycine; Inflammation; Ion Channels; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nociceptors; Oocytes; Pain; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sensory Receptor Cells; TRPV Cation Channels; Xenopus | 2006 |
Identification of the alpha2-delta-1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels as a molecular target for pain mediating the analgesic actions of pregabalin.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Autoradiography; Base Sequence; Calcium Channels; Calcium Channels, N-Type; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; Constriction, Pathologic; Female; Formaldehyde; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Ion Channel Gating; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Pain; Pregabalin; Protein Binding; Protein Subunits; Swine | 2006 |
[Extracellular aminoacids in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens in the rat during acute pain].
Topics: Acute Disease; Amygdala; Animals; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Glutamic Acid; Male; Nucleus Accumbens; Pain; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2007 |
The role of nitric oxide in diabetes-induced changes of morphine tolerance in rats.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Drug Tolerance; Guanidines; Hot Temperature; Male; Morphine; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitrites; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2007 |
Twenty-four-hour variation of L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway demonstrated by the mouse visceral pain model.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Benzoquinones; Circadian Rhythm; Cyclic GMP; Enzyme Inhibitors; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitrites; Nitroprusside; Pain; Pain Measurement; Signal Transduction | 2007 |
Antinociceptive effect from Davilla elliptica hydroalcoholic extract.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Brazil; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Diclofenac; Dilleniaceae; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Hindlimb; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Pain; Pain Measurement; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Water | 2007 |
[Metabolic decrease of the motor neuron excitability].
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Alkalosis; Arginine; Calcium Chloride; Electrolytes; Female; Humans; Lysine; Magnesium; Middle Aged; Motor Neurons; Neuromuscular Junction; Pain; Spasm | 1967 |
Systemic N-nitro-L-arginine-ester (L-NAME), inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, relieves chronic allodynia-like symptom in rats with spinal cord lesion.
Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Arginine; Female; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Ischemia; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Palliative Care; Pressure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord | 1994 |
The NO-cGMP pathway in neonatal rat dorsal horn.
Topics: alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arginine; Biomarkers; Cyclic GMP; Female; Glutathione; Male; N-Methylaspartate; NADPH Dehydrogenase; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Nitroprusside; Nitroso Compounds; Pain; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; S-Nitrosoglutathione; Second Messenger Systems; Signal Transduction; Spinal Cord | 1994 |
Effect of topical administration of L-arginine on formalin-induced nociception in the mouse: a dual role of peripherally formed NO in pain modulation.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Formaldehyde; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Pain Measurement; Stereoisomerism | 1994 |
Intracellular messengers contributing to persistent nociception and hyperalgesia induced by L-glutamate and substance P in the rat formalin pain model.
Topics: 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arginine; Dexamethasone; Formaldehyde; Glutamic Acid; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Isoquinolines; Male; Neurotransmitter Agents; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Piperazines; Protein Kinase C; Rats; Reflex; Substance P | 1994 |
Topical spinal administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor prevents the hyper-reflexia associated with a rat model of persistent visceral pain.
Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Analgesics; Anilides; Animals; Arginine; Cystitis; Female; Injections, Spinal; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex; Reflex, Abnormal; Turpentine; Urinary Bladder; Viscera | 1995 |
Nitric oxide mediates allodynia induced by intrathecal administration of prostaglandin E2 or prostaglandin F2 alpha in conscious mice.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Injections, Spinal; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synaptic Transmission | 1995 |
L-NG-nitro arginine p-nitroanilide (L-NAPNA) is anti-nociceptive in the mouse.
Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Analgesics; Anilides; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Arginine; Blood Pressure; Brain; Formaldehyde; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase; omega-N-Methylarginine; Pain; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 1993 |
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocks spinal sensitization induced by formalin injection into the rat paw.
Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Arginine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Formaldehyde; Inflammation; Injections, Spinal; Male; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord | 1993 |
Nitric oxide mediates neuropathic pain behavior in peripherally denervated rats.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Cyclic AMP; Denervation; Disease Models, Animal; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Peripheral Nerves; Phantom Limb; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve; Spinal Cord; Stereoisomerism; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors | 1995 |
Characterization of the role of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in thermal nociception in the rat.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Cold Temperature; Hot Temperature; Male; Methysergide; N-Methylaspartate; Nitroarginine; Nociceptors; Pain; Phentolamine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Reflex; Spinal Cord | 1993 |
Analysis of the role of endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptors on nociceptive information transmission in the spinal cord with FR139317, an endothelin-A receptor antagonist, and sarafotoxin S6c, an endothelin-B receptor agonist.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Azepines; Behavior, Animal; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; Endothelins; Formaldehyde; Indoles; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Endothelin; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Spinal Cord; Viper Venoms | 1994 |
Spinal nitric oxide synthesis inhibition blocks NMDA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and produces antinociception in the formalin test in rats.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Formaldehyde; Hot Temperature; Injections, Spinal; Male; N-Methylaspartate; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; omega-N-Methylarginine; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord | 1993 |
Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of the extracts of plants from the genus Phyllanthus.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Capsaicin; Clonidine; Male; Mice; Nitroarginine; Pain; Phenylephrine; Plant Extracts; Prazosin; Yohimbine | 1995 |
L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, blocks the established allodynia induced by intrathecal administration of prostaglandin E2.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Dinoprostone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Injections, Spinal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Pain; Spinal Cord | 1995 |
Activation of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in primary sensory neurons contributes to dipyrone-induced spinal and peripheral analgesia.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Spinal; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arginine; Dinoprostone; Dipyrone; Enzyme Inhibitors; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intraventricular; Injections, Spinal; Male; Methylene Blue; Neurons, Afferent; Nitric Oxide; omega-N-Methylarginine; Pain; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1996 |
N(G)-nitro-L-arginine reverses L-arginine induced changes in morphine antinociception and distribution of morphine in brain regions and spinal cord of the mouse.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arginine; Brain; Male; Mice; Morphine; Nitroarginine; Pain; Spinal Cord; Tissue Distribution | 1997 |
Rectal response of cardiac origin in the cat: involvement of nitric oxide and acetylcholine.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Arginine; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Cats; Coronary Vessels; Female; Ganglionic Blockers; Heart; Hexamethonium; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Relaxation; Myocardial Ischemia; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nicotine; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Pain; Phentolamine; Propranolol; Rectum | 1997 |
[Nitric oxide precursor--L-arginine--attenuates pain sensitivity during peroral administration in rats].
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Arginine; Male; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Reaction Time | 1997 |
[L-Arginine effects during central spinal pain syndrome].
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endorphins; GABA Modulators; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Pain Measurement; Penicillin G; Rats; Spinal Cord; Syndrome | 1999 |
Antinociceptive mechanism of Gosha-jinki-gan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals: role of nitric oxide in the periphery.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Threshold; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tail | 1999 |
Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in persistent pain.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Carrageenan; Chronic Disease; Enzyme Inhibitors; Lysine; Male; Methylene Blue; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Pain; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2000 |
Amino acid release into the knee joint: key role in nociception and inflammation.
Topics: Amino Acids; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arginine; Arthritis; Carrageenan; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrulline; Glutamic Acid; Hindlimb; Injections, Intra-Articular; Joints; Kaolin; Lidocaine; Male; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synovial Fluid | 2000 |
Role of guanylyl cyclase activation via thiamine in suppressing chemically-induced writhing in mouse.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Benzoquinones; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guanylate Cyclase; Male; Mice; Morphine; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Pain; Pain Measurement; Thiamine | 2000 |
Noxious stimulation increases glutamate and arginine in the periaqueductal gray matter in rats: a microdialysis study.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Fixatives; Formaldehyde; Glutamic Acid; Hindlimb; Male; Microdialysis; Pain; Pain Measurement; Periaqueductal Gray; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stimulation, Chemical | 2000 |
Arginine-rich peptides are blockers of VR-1 channels with analgesic activity.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Capsaicin; Dynorphins; Electric Conductivity; Eye; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Mice; Oocytes; Pain; Peptides; Receptors, Drug; TRPV Cation Channels; Xenopus laevis | 2000 |
Opposing interplay between Neuropeptide FF and nitric oxide in antinociception and hypothermia.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Area Under Curve; Arginine; Body Temperature; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Hypothermia; Male; Mice; Morphine; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Oligopeptides; Pain; Temperature | 2000 |
Characterization of EP receptor subtypes responsible for prostaglandin E2-induced pain responses by use of EP1 and EP3 receptor knockout mice.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Dinoprostone; Formaldehyde; Gene Deletion; Hyperalgesia; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nitric Oxide; Nitroprusside; Nitroso Compounds; Pain; Pain Measurement; Reaction Time; Receptors, Prostaglandin E; Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype | 2001 |
Sildenafil-induced peripheral analgesia and activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway.
Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Acetic Acid; Analgesia; Animals; Arginine; Carrageenan; Central Nervous System; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hyperalgesia; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitroprusside; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Peripheral Nervous System; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Piperazines; Purines; Signal Transduction; Sildenafil Citrate; Sulfones | 2001 |
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA is down-regulated, and constitutive NOS enzymatic activity decreased, in thoracic dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the rat by a substance P N-terminal metabolite.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Capsaicin; Ganglia, Spinal; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers; Neurons, Afferent; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nociceptors; Pain; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Spinal Cord; Substance P; Thoracic Vertebrae | 2001 |
Extracellular glutamate, aspartate and arginine increase in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus during nociceptive stimulation.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei | 2001 |
Production of endogenous nitric oxide and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase are required for N-methyl-D-aspartate-produced facilitation of the nociceptive tail-flick reflex.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Arginine; Enzyme Activation; Guanylate Cyclase; Male; N-Methylaspartate; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Reflex | 1992 |
Increase of nitric oxide production by L-arginine potentiates i.c.v. administered beta-endorphin-induced antinociception in the mouse.
Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Arginine; beta-Endorphin; Drug Synergism; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pain | 1992 |
Synergistic anti-nociceptive effect of L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and flurbiprofen in the mouse.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Blood Pressure; Drug Synergism; Flurbiprofen; Formaldehyde; Indomethacin; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Pain | 1992 |
Nitric oxide mediates the thermal hyperalgesia produced in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Male; Methylene Blue; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 1992 |
Analgesic effect of L-arginine in patients with persistent pain.
Topics: Aged; Analgesics; Arginine; Chronic Disease; Cluster Headache; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Naloxone; Pain; Pain Measurement | 1991 |
L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester exhibits antinociceptive activity in the mouse.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Animals; Arginine; Behavior, Animal; Blood Pressure; Brain Chemistry; Edema; Formaldehyde; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Motor Activity; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Pain | 1991 |
Teniposide ameliorates bone cancer nociception in rats via the P2X7 receptor.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cell Line, Tumor; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Nociception; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; Teniposide | 2018 |