valproic acid has been researched along with urea in 51 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 18 (35.29) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 7 (13.73) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 14 (27.45) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 10 (19.61) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 2 (3.92) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Barnes, JC; Bradley, P; Day, NC; Fourches, D; Reed, JZ; Tropsha, A | 1 |
Richens, A | 1 |
Egli, M | 1 |
Araki, Y; Ueki, S; Watanabe, S | 1 |
Borgå, O; Dahlqvist, R; Rane, A; Sjöqvist, F; Walsh, Z | 1 |
Alonso, E; García-España, A; Girbés, J; Rubio, V | 1 |
Hjelm, M; Kay, JD; Oberholzer, V; Seakins, J; Thomas, S | 2 |
Kamoun, PP; Rabier, D | 1 |
Alhayek, G; Alquier, P; Bourrier, P; Kamoun, P; Lorre, G; Rabier, D; Varache, N | 1 |
de Silva, LV; Hjelm, M; Oberholzer, VG; Rolles, CJ; Seakins, JW | 1 |
Chapman, AG | 1 |
Cotariu, D; Zaidman, JL | 1 |
Bartlett, K; Bone, AJ; Koundakjian, PP; Sherratt, HS; Turnbull, DM | 1 |
Coude, FX; Grimber, G; Parvy, P; Petit, F; Rabier, D | 1 |
Turner, AJ; Whittle, SR | 1 |
Hackett, T; Kelton, JG; Powers, P | 1 |
Cathelineau, L; Coudé, FX; Grimber, G; Kamoun, P; Parvy, P; Rabier, D | 1 |
Brewster, D; Muir, NC | 1 |
Treem, WR | 1 |
Horiuchi, M; Imamura, Y; Maruyama, I; Nakamura, N; Saheki, T | 1 |
Dasgupta, A; Jacques, M; Malhotra, D | 1 |
Crossey, MJ; Dasgupta, A | 1 |
Raby, WN | 1 |
Jiménez, C; Lluch-Fernández, MD; Marchante-Serrano, C; Navarro-Quesada, FJ; Vaquero-Abellán, M | 1 |
Chunngam, T; Patarapanich, C; Sooksawate, T; Tantisira, B; Tantisira, MH | 1 |
Calvani, M; Guaitolini, C; Paolone, G; Parisi, G; Parisi, P | 1 |
Doussard-Lefaucheux, S; Jung, P | 1 |
Gadot, N; Korzets, Z; Pomeranz, A; Vainstein, G | 1 |
Bialer, M; Sobol, E; Yagen, B | 1 |
Decruyenaere, J; Dhondt, A; Eloot, S; Segers, H; Vandewoude, K; Vanholder, R; Verstraete, A | 1 |
Aoki, Y; Bialer, M; Fujiwara, M; Okada, A; Onishi, Y; Sobol, E; Yagen, B | 1 |
Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Lamb, JG; Pappo, O; Sobol, E; Steve White, H; Wilcox, KS; Wlodarczyk, BJ; Yagen, B | 1 |
Jünemann, A; Michelson, G; Stefan, H; Tilz, C; Wang-Tilz, Y | 1 |
Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Shimshoni, JA; Wlodarczyk, B; Yagen, B | 1 |
Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Pessah, N; Shimshoni, JA; Wlodarczyk, B; Yagen, B | 1 |
Khongsombat, O; Patarapanich, C; Tantisira, B; Tantisira, MH; Watanabe, H | 1 |
Bialer, M; Shimshoni, JA; Yagen, B | 1 |
Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Schurig, V; Shimshoni, JA; Wlodarczyk, B; Yagen, B | 1 |
Bialer, M; Fujiwara, M; Noyori, H; Okada, A; Shimshoni, JA; Yagen, B | 1 |
Bialer, M; Devor, M; Kaufmann, D; Shimshoni, JA; Yagen, B | 1 |
Bourque, DL; LaBuzetta, JN; Yao, JZ; Zivin, J | 1 |
Aires, CC; de Almeida, IT; Duran, M; Ijlst, L; Silva, MF; van Cruchten, A; Wanders, RJ | 1 |
Berg, MJ; Braun, KP; Koudijs, SM; Malingré, MM; ter Heine, R; van der Westerlaken, MM; van Maarseveen, EM | 1 |
Arora, S; Brar, R; Kaur, T; Singh, AP; Singh, JP | 1 |
Walker, V | 1 |
Bolkent, S; Ercin, M; Gezginci-Oktayoglu, S; Turkyilmaz, IB; Yanardag, R | 1 |
Carvalho, AF; Dal-Pont, GC; de Souza, CT; Farias, HR; Jornada, LK; Machado, AG; Peterle, BR; Quevedo, J; Resende, WR; Valvassori, SS | 1 |
Gad, AM | 1 |
Beddoes, P; Nerone, G; Tai, C | 1 |
Bora, S; Hasija, Y; Kukal, S; Kukreti, R; Kukreti, S; Mishra, MK; Muthusamy, K; Paul, PR; Saso, L; Singh, A | 1 |
8 review(s) available for valproic acid and urea
Article | Year |
---|---|
Interactions with antiepileptic drugs.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetazolamide; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticoagulants; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Diazepam; Drug Interactions; Furosemide; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Griseofulvin; Humans; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Primidone; Thiazines; Urea; Valproic Acid; Vitamin D | 1977 |
Valproate and myoclonus.
Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Clonazepam; DDT; Disease Models, Animal; Flurazepam; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glycine; Isoxazoles; Light; Morphine; Muscimol; Myoclonus; Serotonin; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1986 |
Valproic acid and the liver.
Topics: Amino Acids; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Interactions; Fatty Acids; Humans; Liver Diseases; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1988 |
Drug-induced platelet destruction.
Topics: Binding Sites, Antibody; Blood Platelets; Cell Differentiation; Cell Migration Inhibition; Clot Retraction; Complement Fixation Tests; Gold; Heparin; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Intradermal Tests; Platelet Aggregation; Platelet Factor 3; Prednisone; Quinidine; Ristocetin; Serotonin; Thrombocytopenia; Thromboembolism; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1982 |
Inherited and acquired syndromes of hyperammonemia and encephalopathy in children.
Topics: Ammonia; Child; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Diseases; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Reye Syndrome; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1994 |
Adult nonhepatic hyperammonemia: a case report and differential diagnosis.
Topics: Ammonia; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Liver Diseases; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Middle Aged; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2010 |
Ammonia metabolism and hyperammonemic disorders.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Arginine; Biological Transport; Brain; Cell Membrane; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Hyperinsulinism; Liver; Liver Diseases; Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency Disease; Syndrome; Urea; Urologic Diseases; Valproic Acid | 2014 |
Insights into Structural Modifications of Valproic Acid and Their Pharmacological Profile.
Topics: Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Humans; Molecular Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; Teratogens; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2021 |
43 other study(ies) available for valproic acid and urea
Article | Year |
---|---|
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
Topics: Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cluster Analysis; Databases, Factual; Humans; MEDLINE; Mice; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship | 2010 |
[Drug interactions in antiepileptic combination therapy].
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enzyme Induction; Humans; Phenobarbital; Phenylbutyrates; Phenytoin; Primidone; Thiazines; Time Factors; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1979 |
Changes in sensitivity of mice to anticonvulsant drugs following bilateral olfactory bulb ablations.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Chlordiazepoxide; Diazepam; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroshock; Male; Mice; Nitrazepam; Olfactory Bulb; Phenobarbital; Phenylacetates; Phenytoin; Trimethadione; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1977 |
Decreased plasma protein binding of phenytoin in patients on valproic acid.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Proteins; Child; Creatinine; Depression, Chemical; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenytoin; Protein Binding; Serum Albumin; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1979 |
Changes in urea cycle-related metabolites in the mouse after combined administration of valproic acid and an amino acid load.
Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing); Citrulline; Glutamates; Glutamine; Liver; Mice; Ornithine; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1989 |
Valproate-induced inhibition of urea synthesis and hyperammonaemia in healthy subjects.
Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1986 |
Valproate-induced inhibition of urea synthesis.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase; Humans; Liver; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1987 |
Valproate inhibition of urea synthesis.
Topics: Humans; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1987 |
[Cerebral edema with hyperammonemia in valpromide poisoning. Manifestation in an adult, of a partial deficit in type I carbamylphosphate synthetase].
Topics: Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Brain Edema; Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia); Humans; Male; Suicide, Attempted; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1988 |
Evidence of inherited urea cycle defect in a case of fatal valproate toxicity.
Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Middle Aged; Orotic Acid; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1986 |
The effects of valproate on intermediary metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes and intact rats.
Topics: Animals; Gluconeogenesis; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1983 |
Inhibition of ureagenesis by valproate in rat hepatocytes. Role of N-acetylglutamate and acetyl-CoA.
Topics: Acetyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Glutamates; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1983 |
Anti-convulsants and brain aldehyde metabolism: inhibitory characteristics of ox brain aldehyde reductase.
Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Aldehyde Reductase; Aldehydes; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzeneacetamides; Brain; Carbamazepine; Cattle; In Vitro Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Phenylacetates; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1981 |
A mechanism for valproate-induced hyperammonemia.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Citrulline; Glutamates; Male; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1982 |
Valproate plasma protein binding in the uremic condition.
Topics: Blood Proteins; Charcoal; Creatinine; Dialysis; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Protein Binding; Urea; Uremia; Valproic Acid | 1980 |
Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency in an adult: deterioration due to administration of valproic acid.
Topics: Adult; Alanine; Ammonia; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing); Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Humans; Liver; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1993 |
Diminished protein binding capacity of uremic sera for valproate following hemodialysis: role of free fatty acids and uremic compounds.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Charcoal; Creatinine; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Protein Binding; Renal Dialysis; Serum Albumin; Urea; Uremia; Valproic Acid | 1996 |
Elevated free fatty acid concentrations in lipemic sera reduce protein binding of valproic acid significantly more than phenytoin.
Topics: Bilirubin; Blood Proteins; Charcoal; Creatinine; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Phenytoin; Protein Binding; Triglycerides; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1997 |
Carnitine for valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia.
Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Bipolar Disorder; Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia); Carnitine; Depressive Disorder; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1997 |
[Evaluation of the effect of long term valproic acid treatment on plasma levels of carnitine, ammonia and amino acids related to the urea cycle in pediatric epileptic patients].
Topics: Adolescent; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Glutamine; Glycine; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Ornithine; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1997 |
Preliminary evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of a valproic acid analog: N-(2-propylpentanoyl) urea.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bicuculline; Central Nervous System; Convulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroshock; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Pentylenetetrazole; Seizures; Sleep; Strychnine; Time Factors; Urea; Valproic Acid | 1997 |
Latent coeliac disease in a child with epilepsy, cerebral calcifications, drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and intestinal folic acid malabsorption associated with impairment of folic acid transport across the blood-brain barrier.
Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Biological Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Diseases; Calcinosis; Celiac Disease; Epilepsy; Ethosuximide; Folic Acid; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Male; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2001 |
[Visual field defect in a patient given sodium valporate then carbamazepine: possible effect of aminotransferase inhibition].
Topics: Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Female; Humans; Transaminases; Urea; Valproic Acid; Vision Disorders; Visual Fields | 2002 |
Deepening coma in an epileptic patient: the missing link to the urea cycle. Hyperammonaemic metabolic encephalopathy.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Atrophy; Cerebellum; Coma; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2002 |
Tetramethylcyclopropyl analogue of a leading antiepileptic drug, valproic acid. Synthesis and evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of its amide derivatives.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Convulsants; Cyclopropanes; Electroshock; Mice; Pentylenetetrazole; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Rats; Seizures; Species Specificity; Structure-Activity Relationship; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2004 |
Efficiency of the Genius batch hemodialysis system with low serum solute concentrations: the case of lithium intoxication therapy.
Topics: Adult; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Diffusion; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure; Female; Hemodialysis Solutions; Humans; Lithium Carbonate; Molecular Weight; Poisoning; Renal Dialysis; Specific Gravity; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2005 |
Teratology study of derivatives of tetramethylcyclopropyl amide analogues of valproic acid in mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amides; Animals; Body Weight; Cesarean Section; Cyclopropanes; Female; Fetus; Mice; Pregnancy; Skeleton; Teratology; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2006 |
Preclinical evaluation of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonyl-urea, a novel, second generation to valproic acid, antiepileptic drug.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Cyclopropanes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Interactions; Humans; Kindling, Neurologic; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Models, Animal; Motor Activity; Neurons; Organ Size; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rotarod Performance Test; Seizures; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2006 |
Visual field defect during therapy with valproic-acid.
Topics: Adult; Epilepsy; Female; GABA Agents; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Retina; Retinal Degeneration; Time; Transaminases; Urea; Valproic Acid; Vision Disorders; Visual Fields | 2007 |
Potent anticonvulsant urea derivatives of constitutional isomers of valproic acid.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy, Complex Partial; Mice; Rats; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2007 |
Anticonvulsant profile and teratogenicity of 3,3-dimethylbutanoylurea: a potential for a second generation drug to valproic acid.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Behavior, Animal; Electrodes, Implanted; Half-Life; Hippocampus; Kindling, Neurologic; Male; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Pentylenetetrazole; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Teratogens; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2008 |
Acute effects of N-(2-propylpentanoyl)urea on hippocampal amino acid neurotransmitters in pilocarpine-induced seizure in rats.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Hippocampus; Male; Microdialysis; Muscarinic Agonists; Neurotransmitter Agents; Pilocarpine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seizures; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2008 |
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of aromatic tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide derivatives.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cyclopropanes; Electroshock; Isoxazoles; Mice; Motor Activity; Rats; Seizures; Sulfonamides; Urea; Valproic Acid; Zonisamide | 2008 |
Evaluation of stereoselective anticonvulsant, teratogenic, and pharmacokinetic profile of valnoctylurea (capuride): a chiral stereoisomer of valproic acid urea derivative.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroshock; Female; Half-Life; Male; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Pentanoic Acids; Pentylenetetrazole; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Teratogens; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2010 |
Anticonvulsant profile and teratogenic evaluation of potent new analogues of a valproic acid urea derivative in NMRI mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Deep Sedation; Differential Threshold; Electric Stimulation; Electroshock; Female; Fetal Death; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Motor Activity; Neural Tube Defects; Pentylenetetrazole; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures; Structure-Activity Relationship; Teratogens; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2009 |
Synthesis and evaluation of antiallodynic and anticonvulsant activity of novel amide and urea derivatives of valproic acid analogues.
Topics: Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Electroshock; Isomerism; Male; Mice; Pain; Pentylenetetrazole; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures; Spinal Nerves; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2009 |
New insights on the mechanisms of valproate-induced hyperammonemia: inhibition of hepatic N-acetylglutamate synthase activity by valproyl-CoA.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase; Ammonia; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Citrulline; Disease Models, Animal; Glutamates; Glutamine; Humans; Hyperammonemia; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Biological; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2011 |
The quantitative effect of serum albumin, serum urea, and valproic acid on unbound phenytoin concentrations in children.
Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Bilirubin; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Netherlands; Nonlinear Dynamics; Phenytoin; Protein Binding; Retrospective Studies; Serum Albumin; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2014 |
Role of GABAergic activity of sodium valproate against ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in rats.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Catalase; Creatinine; GABA Agents; Glutathione; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Peroxidase; Picrotoxin; Potassium; Protective Agents; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-A; Reperfusion Injury; Sodium; Superoxides; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Urea; Uric Acid; Valproic Acid | 2014 |
Vitamin U has a protective effect on valproic acid-induced renal damage due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Blotting, Western; Catalase; Collagen Type I; Creatinine; Female; Fibrosis; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Immunoblotting; Inflammation; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Urea; Valproic Acid; Vitamin U | 2016 |
Lithium and valproate act on the GSK-3β signaling pathway to reverse manic-like behavior in an animal model of mania induced by ouabain.
Topics: Animals; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Frontal Lobe; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Hippocampus; Lithium Compounds; Locomotion; Male; Ouabain; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Thiazoles; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2017 |
Study on the influence of caffeic acid against sodium valproate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Biomarkers; Caffeic Acids; Caspase 3; Creatinine; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Kidney; Male; Malondialdehyde; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Notch; Signal Transduction; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2018 |
Status epilepticus secondary to hyperammonaemia: a late presentation of an undiagnosed urea cycle defect.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease; Status Epilepticus; Urea; Valproic Acid | 2021 |