moxidectin and amitraz

Canine demodicosis, a disease caused by a proliferation of Demodex mites, typically leads to alopecia, comedones, follicular papules and pustules, scaling, and crusting. It may be treated with either amitraz rinses or macrocyclic lactones. Amitraz rinse is approved for application every 2 weeks at a concentration of 0.025%. Higher concentrations and more frequent applications increase the success rate but also increase the risk for adverse effects. Ivermectin is used at 0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/d PO and moxidectin at 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg/d PO. Both drugs may cause adverse neurologic effects in sensitive dogs. Milbemycin oxime at 1 to 2 mg/kg/d PO is a safer treatment option. A weekly spot-on combination of 2.5% moxidectin and 10% imidacloprid is recommended for milder forms of the disease.

Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Imidazoles; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Toluidines; Treatment Outcome

Publications discussing the treatment of demodicosis in the dog and cat are reviewed. Based on the evidence in the literature, amitraz rinses at 0.025-0.06% every 7-14 days, and oral daily ivermectin at 300 micro g kg(-1), milbemycin at 2 mg kg(-1) and moxidectin at 400 micro g kg(-1), respectively, can all be recommended for the treatment of generalized canine demodicosis. Ivermectin and moxidectin should be initiated at lower doses and patients monitored for possible adverse effects during therapy. In cats, 2% lime sulfur dips and amitraz rinses at 0.0125-0.025% have been used successfully.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Baths; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Evidence-Based Medicine; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Toluidines

For a number of reasons, several of the more 'traditional' ectoparasiticides in the small animal veterinarian's armoury have been withdrawn over the past few years. New, safer products which are long-acting and easier to apply than the conventional dips, rinses and aerosol sprays of the past have replaced them. However, relatively few such novel acaricidal preparations have become commercially available. Consequently, practitioners and researchers frequently experiment with the drugs they have at their disposal to assess their efficacy against a variety of target acarids when used at different dosages and/or via different routes of administration, compared with those recommended by the manufacturer. This paper reviews the anecdotal and peer-reviewed reports describing the use of modern acaricides in dogs and cats that have recently appeared in the veterinary literature. It should be stressed, however, that no medicine should be prescribed for extra-label use without the informed consent of the owner.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Pyrazoles; Scabies; Toluidines

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Skin Diseases, Parasitic; Toluidines

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiparasitic Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Skin Diseases, Parasitic; Toluidines

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Pyoderma; Recurrence; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Skin Diseases, Parasitic; Toluidines

Topical amitraz is the only approved treatment for CGD; however, it is not always effective or well tolerated. Extra-label use of amitraz, milbemycin oxime, ivermectin, and moxidectin may be effective therapeutical alternatives for dogs with resistant CGD or dogs that have an intolerance to the licensed amitraz protocol. It appears that oral administration of milbemycin oxime (1-2 mg/kg), ivermectin (400-600 micrograms/kg), and moxidectin (400 micrograms/kg) daily is a practical therapeutical alternative and would provide similar cure rates. Nevertheless, milbemycin oxime is expensive, ivermectin is potentially more toxic, and only limited information is available on moxidectin. The average treatment duration with these new regimens is 4 months, with an expected range of 3 to 10 months. Treatment should be administered daily for a minimum of 3 months and for at least 1 month after a series of negative skin scrapings. For chronic cases or cases that take a relatively long time to respond to therapy, 2 to 3 months of treatment beyond negative scrapings may be more appropriate. Dogs with CGD always approach clinical normalcy weeks to months before negative skin scrapings are obtained. All dogs respond at their own rate; as long as the skin scrapings at each visit show fewer mites, the current therapy should be continued for an additional month. If the mite count starts to increase, this may suggest that the treatment protocol is not being followed or it may be that the therapy chosen was suboptimally effective. Although CGD is still a disease that is not easily treated, the prognosis for dogs with this disorder has dramatically improved in the past few years. It must be remembered, however, that the treatment alternatives for CGD described above are not approved and should not be used unless the approved therapeutical regimen has failed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiparasitic Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insect Repellents; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Prognosis; Skin Diseases, Parasitic; Toluidines

The study was divided in to two trials and carried out in a ranch in eastern Yucatan state, Mexico. In the first trial, two groups of 15 BostaurusxBosindicus heifers, 6-12 month of age and naturally infested with Boophilus microplus ticks were used. Heifers in Group 1 were treated with a 1% injectable formulation of moxidectin at the dose of 0.20mg/kg body weight by subcutaneous injection. The other group remained as untreated controls. Number of immature and engorging female ticks were assessed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-treatment (PT). The efficacy of moxidectin on adult ticks from day 7 to 28 PT was greater than 95%. The efficacy decreased to 74.9% by day 35. In the second trial, animals in Group 1 were treated with the moxidectin product as before, while cattle in Group 2 were treated according to the routine procedure for the control of ticks on that property (125 g/l amitraz as a dip). Treatment of all cattle was repeated four times at intervals of 28 days. The efficacy of the experimental moxidectin treatment was similar to that of the routine amitraz treatment, i.e., greater than 99%.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insecticides; Ixodidae; Macrolides; Mexico; Tick Infestations; Toluidines; Tropical Climate

Four trials, three in the United States and one in South Africa, were conducted to evaluate the potential value of a novel self-medicating applicator in the passive control of gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle and deer, and of files and ticks on cattle using oil-based treatments. The results of the trials demonstrated that this applicator is an effective and practical device for the passive treatment of both deer and cattle for trichostrongyle infections using the endectocide, moxidectin (Cydectin. Fort Dodge Animal Health, USA), of cattle for hom fly (Haemotobia irritans) infestations using the insecticide, cyfluthrin (CyLence, Bayer AG, Germany) and of cattle for tick infestations (in particular Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) using the acaricides deltamethrin and amitraz (Delete All, Intervet, South Africa).

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Anthelmintics; Cattle; Deer; Drug Combinations; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Female; Insecticides; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Macrolides; Male; Nematode Infections; Nitriles; Pesticide Synergists; Piperonyl Butoxide; Pyrethrins; Random Allocation; Tick Control; Tick Infestations; Toluidines