Page last updated: 2024-08-17

lactose and proline

lactose has been researched along with proline in 45 studies

Research

Studies (45)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	40 (88.89)	18.7374
1990's	2 (4.44)	18.2507
2000's	2 (4.44)	29.6817
2010's	1 (2.22)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Kaback, HR; Ramos, S	1
Kaback, HR; Kaczorowski, GJ	1
Costilow, RN; Sebald, M	1
Kaback, HR; Schuldiner, S	1
Kaback, HR; Patel, L	1
Grau, FH	1
Boonstra, J; Konings, WN; Sips, HJ	1
Drexler, H; Kylberg, KJ	1
Buddington, RK; Puchal, AA; Vega, YM	1
Consler, TG; Kaback, HR; Tsolas, O	1
Elferink, MG; Hellingwerf, KJ; Konings, WN; Poolman, B; Robillard, GT; Van Dijl, JM	1
Knight, CH; Wilde, CJ	1
Boos, W; Shen, BH	1
Barnes, EM; Kaback, HR; Konings, WN	1
Magasanik, B; Prival, MJ	1
Kaback, HR; Lombardi, FJ; Reeves, JP; Short, SA	1
Mullenbach, E; Rae, ME; Stodolsky, M	1
Abeles, RH; Kaback, HR; Walsh, CT	1
Eddy, AA; Inkson, C; Seaston, A	1
Kaback, HR; Walsh, CT	2
Broda, P	1
Kaback, HR	1
Bracha, M; Yagil, E	1
Auricchio, S; Jos, J; Pierro, M; Rey, J; Rubino, A; Vetrella, M	1
Lin, EC	1
Donlon, J; Fottrell, PF	1
Erwin, NS; Goldschmidt, EP; Matney, TS; Scroggs, RA	1
Baumberg, S	1
Cocquyt, G; Massart-Leën, AM; Peeters, G; Verbeke, R	1
Denamur, R; Gaye, P	1
Bingham, JK; Newey, H; Smyth, DH	1
Ghazi, A; Houssin, C; Shechter, E; Therisod, H	1
Konings, WN; Robillard, GT	1
Ghazi, A; Shechter, E; Therisod, H	1
Booth, IR; Hamilton, WA; Strickland, D	1
Cohn, DE; Kaback, HR; Kaczorowski, GJ	1
ADELBERG, EA; PITTARD, J	1
ULRICH, F	1
BOYER, H	1
DESCHAMPS, F; GUILLAUME, J; MARTIN, G	1
OLSON, JC; PUNCH, JD; SCALETTI, JV	1
Imberty, A; Koca, J; Kulhánek, P; Snajdrová, L	1
Culham, DE; Romantsov, T; Wood, JM	1
Hirose, M; Ludwig, RJ; Recke, A; Schönig, S; Seeger, K	1

Reviews

5 review(s) available for lactose and proline

Article	Year
The role of electron transfer and dithiol-disulfide interchange in solute transport in bacteria. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1985, Volume: 456 Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Carrier Proteins; Disulfides; Dithiothreitol; Electrochemistry; Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Ferricyanides; Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase; Glucose Dehydrogenases; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Kinetics; Lactose; Maleimides; Models, Biological; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; PQQ Cofactor; Proline; Protons; Quinolines; Rhodobacter sphaeroides; Toluene	1985
Evaluation of the chemiosmotic interpretation of active transport in bacterial membrane vesicles. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1974, Feb-18, Volume: 227 Topics: Benzenesulfonates; Biological Transport, Active; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cell Membrane; Cytochromes; Dinitrophenols; Escherichia coli; Kinetics; Lactose; Lysine; Mercury; NAD; Organoids; Organometallic Compounds; Oxygen Consumption; Potassium; Proline; Rubidium; Serine; Succinates; Tyrosine; Valinomycin	1974
Active transport in bacterial cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 1973, Volume: 27 Topics: Amino Acids; Ascorbic Acid; Binding Sites; Biological Transport, Active; Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Galactose; Glycosides; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactates; Lactose; Membrane Potentials; Models, Chemical; Mutation; Phenazines; Potassium; Proline; Rubidium; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Subcellular Fractions; Valinomycin	1973
Membrane transport as a potential target for antibiotic action. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1974, May-10, Volume: 235, Issue:0 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport, Active; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cell Membrane; Escherichia coli; Glucose; Glycolates; Glycosides; Kinetics; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactates; Lactose; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphoenolpyruvate; Phosphotransferases; Proline; Protein Binding; Succinates; Time Factors; Vinyl Compounds	1974
The genetics of bacterial transport systems. Annual review of genetics, 1970, Volume: 4 Topics: Bacteria; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Galactose; Galactosidases; Genes; Genes, Regulator; Genotype; Glycerol; Glycerophosphates; Hexosephosphates; Lactose; Maltose; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mutation; Peptides; Phosphates; Phosphotransferases; Potassium; Proline; Protein Binding; Shikimic Acid; Sulfates; Thiamine; Tryptophan	1970

Other Studies

40 other study(ies) available for lactose and proline

Article	Year
pH-dependent changes in proton:substrate stoichiometries during active transport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Biochemistry, 1977, Sep-20, Volume: 16, Issue:19 Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Escherichia coli; Glucosephosphates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Lactose; Mathematics; Membrane Potentials; Models, Biological; Proline	1977
Mechanism of lactose translocation in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. 1. Effect of pH on efflux, exchange, and counterflow. Biochemistry, 1979, Aug-21, Volume: 18, Issue:17 Topics: Biological Transport; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Cell Membrane; Escherichia coli; Galactosides; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Lactose; Membrane Potentials; Proline; Valinomycin	1979
Minimal growth requirements for Clostridium perfringens and isolation of auxotrophic mutants. Applied microbiology, 1975, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Adenine; Amino Acids; Anaerobiosis; Clostridium perfringens; Culture Media; Lactose; Lysine; Mutagens; Mutation; Nicotinic Acids; Nitrosoguanidines; Phenotype; Proline; Salts; Thiamine; Thioglycolates; Uracil; Vitamins	1975
Membrane potential and active transport in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry, 1975, Dec-16, Volume: 14, Issue:25 Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Escherichia coli; Lactates; Lactose; Membrane Potentials; NAD; Onium Compounds; Potassium; Proline; Rubidium; Sodium; Trityl Compounds; Valinomycin	1975
The role of functional sulfhydryl groups in active transport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Biochemistry, 1978, May-02, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Azo Compounds; Biological Transport, Active; Diamide; Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Ethylmaleimide; Lactates; Lactose; Membrane Potentials; Membranes; Oxygen Consumption; Proline; Sulfhydryl Compounds	1978
Significance of the inactivation of transport in thermal death of Escherichia coli. Applied and environmental microbiology, 1978, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Escherichia coli; Hot Temperature; Lactose; Methylglucosides; Methylglycosides; Proline	1978
Active transport by membrane vesicles from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli energized by electron transfer to ferricyanide and chlorate. European journal of biochemistry, 1976, Oct-01, Volume: 69, Issue:1 Topics: Amino Acids; Anaerobiosis; Antimycin A; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Chlorates; Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Ferricyanides; Lactose; Proline; Ultraviolet Rays	1976
Effect of UV irradiation on transduction by coliphage T1. Journal of virology, 1975, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Arginine; Biotin; Coliphages; Cysteine; DNA Viruses; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Galactose; Genetic Linkage; Lactose; Lysogeny; Mutation; Proline; Radiation Effects; Streptomycin; Transduction, Genetic; Tryptophan; Ultraviolet Rays	1975
Intestinal amino acid and monosaccharide transport in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with different sources of carbohydrate. The Journal of nutrition, 1992, Volume: 122, Issue:12 Topics: Aging; Amino Acids; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Biological Transport; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Food, Formulated; Fructose; Galactose; Glucose; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactose; Leucine; Male; Milk; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Proline; Sucrose; Swine; Weight Gain	1992
Role of proline residues in the structure and function of a membrane transport protein. Biochemistry, 1991, Feb-05, Volume: 30, Issue:5 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Biological Transport, Active; Blotting, Western; DNA Mutational Analysis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; In Vitro Techniques; Lactose; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Proline; Structure-Activity Relationship; Symporters	1991
Degradation of newly-synthesised casein in mammary explants from pregnant and lactating goats. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 1986, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Caseins; Female; Glucose; Goats; Kinetics; Lactation; Lactose; Mammary Glands, Animal; Organ Culture Techniques; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Proline; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Time Factors; Tritium	1986
Regulation of the -methylgalactoside transport system and the galatose-binding protein by the cell cycle of Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1973, Volume: 70, Issue:5 Topics: Alanine; Alkaline Phosphatase; Autoradiography; Bacterial Proteins; Carbon Isotopes; Cell Division; Culture Media; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Escherichia coli; Galactose; Galactosidases; Immunodiffusion; Lactose; Leucine; Mutation; Proline; Protein Binding; Temperature; Transduction, Genetic	1973
Mechanisms of active transport in isolated membrane vesicles. 2. The coupling of reduced phenazine methosulfate to the concentrative uptake of beta-galactosides and amino acids. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1971, Oct-10, Volume: 246, Issue:19 Topics: Amino Acids; Amobarbital; Ascorbic Acid; Bacillus megaterium; Bacillus subtilis; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Chloromercuribenzoates; Cyanides; Cyclic N-Oxides; Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Glutamine; Lactose; Lysine; NAD; Oxygen; Phenazines; Proline; Proteus; Pseudomonas; Quinolines; Salmonella typhimurium; Stimulation, Chemical; Sulfuric Acids	1971
Resistance to catabolite repression of histidase and proline oxidase during nitrogen-limited growth of Klebsiella aerogenes. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1971, Oct-25, Volume: 246, Issue:20 Topics: Ammonium Sulfate; Citrates; Conjugation, Genetic; Culture Media; Cyclic AMP; Cytoplasm; Enzyme Repression; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Formamides; Galactose; Galactosidases; Genetics, Microbial; Glucose; Glutamates; Glycosides; Histidine; Hydrolases; Kinetics; Klebsiella; Lactose; Lyases; Mutation; Nitrogen; Oxidoreductases; Proline; Salmonella typhimurium; Succinates; Sulfides	1971
The addition of lac+ chromosome fragments to the E. coli proA-proB-lac deletion 13 chromosome. Genetics, 1972, Volume: 70, Issue:4 Topics: Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Coliphages; Conjugation, Genetic; Crossing Over, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Genetic Linkage; Heterozygote; Lactose; Lysogeny; Models, Biological; Proline; Radiation Effects; Recombination, Genetic; Transduction, Genetic; Ultraviolet Rays	1972
Mechanisms of active transport in isolated bacterial membrane vesicles. X. Inactivation of D-lactate dehydrogenase and D-lactate dehydrogenase-coupled transport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles by an acetylenic substrate. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1972, Dec-25, Volume: 247, Issue:24 Topics: Alkynes; Biological Transport, Active; Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Glycolates; Kinetics; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactates; Lactose; Membranes; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Proline; Rubidium; Solubility; Staphylococcus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Threonine; Valinomycin; Vinyl Compounds	1972
The absorption of protons with specific amino acids and carbohydrates by yeast. The Biochemical journal, 1973, Volume: 134, Issue:4 Topics: Amino Acids; Arginine; Canavanine; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbon Radioisotopes; Citrulline; Glycine; Lactose; Lysine; Maltose; Methionine; Mutation; Proline; Protons; Saccharomyces; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sucrose	1973
Vinylglycolic acid. An inactivator of the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphate transferase system in Escherichia coli. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1973, Aug-10, Volume: 248, Issue:15 Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cell Membrane; Escherichia coli; Fructose; Glucose; Glycolates; Glycosides; Hydroxy Acids; Kinetics; Lactose; Mannose; Models, Biological; Mutation; Organoids; Phosphoenolpyruvate; Phosphotransferases; Proline; Succinates; Time Factors; Vinyl Compounds	1973
Modified map positions for lac and the pro markers in Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of bacteriology, 1974, Volume: 117, Issue:2 Topics: Chromosome Mapping; Conjugation, Genetic; Crosses, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Genes; Lactose; Mutation; Phenotype; Proline; Recombination, Genetic; Transduction, Genetic	1974
Location of the genes controlling alkaline phosphatase on the F13 episome of Escherichia coli. Journal of bacteriology, 1974, Volume: 120, Issue:2 Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Conjugation, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Genes, Regulator; Haploidy; Lactose; Proline; Recombination, Genetic; Time Factors	1974
Intestinal glutaminyl-proline dipeptidase activity in children with treated coeliac disease. Revue europeenne d'etudes cliniques et biologiques. European journal of clinical and biological research, 1972, Volume: 17, Issue:10 Topics: Celiac Disease; Child, Preschool; Diet Therapy; Dipeptidases; Female; Glutamates; Glycine; Glycoside Hydrolases; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactose; Male; Manganese; Proline; Remission, Spontaneous; Sucrase	1972
Quantitative determination of intestinal peptide hydrolase activity using L-amino acid oxidase. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 1971, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Celiac Disease; Child; Diarrhea; Dipeptides; Glycoside Hydrolases; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Isoleucine; Kinetics; Lactose; Leucine; Mathematics; Methionine; Peptide Hydrolases; Peroxidases; Phenylalanine; Proline; Spectrophotometry	1971
A preliminary map of genomic sites for F-attachment in Escherichia coli K12. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1964, Oct-14, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Adenine; Arginine; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes; Escherichia coli; Galactose; Histidine; In Vitro Techniques; Isoleucine; Lactose; Leucine; Lysine; Maltose; Mutation; Proline; Thiamine; Tryptophan	1964
A quantitative study of the expression of unselected lactose and proline markers in Escherichia coli K-12 recombinants and in the parent strains. Journal of general microbiology, 1966, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Lactose; Mutation; Proline; Streptomycin	1966
Incorporation of DL-[2-14C]ornithine and DL-[5-14C]arginine in milk constituents by the isolated lactating sheep udder. The Biochemical journal, 1968, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Arginine; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Caseins; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Lactose; Mammary Glands, Animal; Ornithine; Perfusion; Proline; Sheep	1968
[Ribonucleic acids and polyribosomes of rabbit mammary gland during lactogenesis induced by prolactin]. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1969, Jul-22, Volume: 186, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; DNA; Female; Lactation; Lactose; Leucine; Mammary Glands, Animal; Pregnancy; Prolactin; Proline; Protein Biosynthesis; Rabbits; Ribosomes; RNA; Spectrophotometry; Stimulation, Chemical; Time Factors	1969
Specificity of the inhibitory effects of sugars on intestinal amino acid transfer. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1966, Jun-08, Volume: 120, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Fructose; Galactose; Glucose; Glycosides; Hexoses; In Vitro Techniques; Intestine, Small; Lactose; Mannitol; Mannose; Proline; Rats; Rhamnose; Sorbose	1966
Lactose transport in Escherichia coli cells. Evidence in favor of a permease-catalyzed efflux of lactose without protons. FEBS letters, 1982, Apr-19, Volume: 140, Issue:2 Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Edetic Acid; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Kinetics; Lactose; Membrane Transport Proteins; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Onium Compounds; Organophosphorus Compounds; Proline; Protons; Symporters	1982
Physical mechanism for regulation of proton solute symport in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1982, Volume: 79, Issue:18 Topics: Arsenicals; Biological Transport, Active; Dithiothreitol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Kinetics; Lactose; Membrane Transport Proteins; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Naphthoquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Proline; Sulfhydryl Reagents; Symporters	1982
Differences in uncoupling effects associated with the uptake of lactose and dansyl-galactoside in Escherichia coli membrane: active transport versus specific binding. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 1980, Volume: 202, Issue:1 Topics: Biological Transport; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Lactose; Membrane Potentials; Proline; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Thiogalactosides; Thioglycosides	1980
The effects of rapid increases in osmotic pressure on Escherichia coli [proceedings]. Biochemical Society transactions, 1980, Volume: 8, Issue:3 Topics: Biological Transport; Escherichia coli; Kinetics; Lactose; Osmotic Pressure; Proline; Sorbitol	1980
Effect of the proton electrochemical gradient on maleimide inactivation of active transport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Biochemistry, 1981, May-26, Volume: 20, Issue:11 Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Escherichia coli; Ethylmaleimide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactose; Maleimides; Melibiose; Nigericin; Proline; Valinomycin	1981
GENE TRANSFER BY F' STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K-12. II. INTERACTION BETWEEN F-MEROGENOTE AND CHROMOSOME DURING TRANSFER. Journal of bacteriology, 1963, Volume: 85 Topics: Chromosomes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli K12; Galactose; Histidine; Isoleucine; Lactose; Leucine; Maltose; Mannitol; Methionine; Proline; Research; Serine; Streptomycin; Thiamine; Threonine; Tryptophan; Valine; Xylose	1963
THE INHIBITION OF MITOCHONDRIAL ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE. 2. THE EFFECTS OF AMINO ACIDS AND SUGARS. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 1964, Volume: 104 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alanine; Amino Acids; Arabinose; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fructose; Glutamates; Glycine; Histidine; Hydroxyproline; Isoleucine; Lactose; Liver; Lysine; Methionine; Mitochondria; Oligosaccharides; Pharmacology; Proline; Rats; Research; Serine; Threonine; Valine	1964
GENETIC CONTROL OF RESTRICTION AND MODIFICATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. Journal of bacteriology, 1964, Volume: 88 Topics: Amino Acids; Arabinose; Arginine; Chromosomes; Coliphages; Cysteine; DNA; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Galactose; Genetics; Hot Temperature; Lactose; Leucine; Methionine; Proline; Research; Salmonella typhi; Streptomycin; Thiamine; Threonine; Tryptophan	1964
[GENETIC STUDY OF SMOOTH MUTANTS OF E. COLI K 12]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences, 1965, Jan-18, Volume: 260 Topics: Adenine; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Escherichia coli; Genetics; Lactose; Molecular Biology; Mutation; Polysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Proline; Research	1965
AMINO ACID UTILIZATION BY ALCALIGENES VISCOLACTIS FOR GROWTH AND SLIME PRODUCTION. Journal of bacteriology, 1965, Volume: 89 Topics: Alcaligenes; Amino Acids; Asparagine; Aspartic Acid; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Colorimetry; Culture Media; Glucose; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Lactose; Nitrogen; Proline; Research; Salts; Tyrosine	1965
Molecular dynamics simulations of glycosyltransferase LgtC. Carbohydrate research, 2004, Apr-02, Volume: 339, Issue:5 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Binding Sites; Computer Simulation; Glycosyltransferases; Histidine; Kinetics; Lactose; Manganese; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Proline; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Uridine Diphosphate Galactose	2004
Roles of K+, H+, H2O, and DeltaPsi in solute transport mediated by major facilitator superfamily members ProP and LacY. Biochemistry, 2008, Aug-05, Volume: 47, Issue:31 Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Escherichia coli Proteins; Kinetics; Lactose; Membrane Potentials; Membrane Transport Proteins; Models, Biological; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium; Proline; Proteolipids; Protons; Symporters; Water	2008
Metabolite analysis distinguishes between mice with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and healthy mice. Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2013, Jun-26, Volume: 8 Topics: Animals; Autoantibodies; Blood Glucose; Collagen Type VII; Dermis; Epidermis; Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita; Humans; Isoleucine; Lactose; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metabolomics; Mice; Proline; Skin	2013