fatty acid in-chain hydroxylase activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid + O2 + 2 NADPH + H+ = fatty acid with in-chain hydroxy group + 2 NADP+ + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-12186]

Fatty acid in-chain hydroxylase activity is a critical enzymatic process involved in the biosynthesis of various lipids with diverse functions. It refers to the insertion of a hydroxyl group (OH) into the carbon chain of a fatty acid molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as fatty acid hydroxylases.

In-chain hydroxylation occurs specifically within the carbon chain of a fatty acid, as opposed to hydroxylation at the terminal carbon, which is known as ω-hydroxylation. The hydroxyl group is typically added to a specific carbon atom within the chain, depending on the enzyme and the specific fatty acid substrate.

This enzymatic activity plays a crucial role in the synthesis of a wide range of hydroxylated fatty acids, which serve as precursors for various bioactive lipids, including:

- **Eicosanoids:** These are signaling molecules involved in inflammation, pain, and other physiological processes. Examples include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
- **Sphingolipids:** These are important components of cell membranes and play roles in signal transduction, cell recognition, and apoptosis.
- **Glycosphingolipids:** These are complex lipids found on the surface of cells, serving as receptors for various molecules and contributing to cell adhesion and recognition.

The specific carbon atom targeted for hydroxylation determines the resulting hydroxylated fatty acid and its subsequent biological functions. For instance, hydroxylation at the 12th carbon atom of arachidonic acid leads to the production of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), a precursor for various bioactive lipids.

In addition to its role in biosynthesis, fatty acid in-chain hydroxylase activity can also be involved in the detoxification of harmful substances. For example, some hydroxylases can convert toxic xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating their excretion from the body.

The precise mechanisms and regulatory factors controlling fatty acid in-chain hydroxylase activity are still being investigated. However, understanding this activity is essential for comprehending lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and the development of therapeutic interventions targeting various diseases.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (2)