tumor necrosis factor receptor activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:jl, http://lookwayup.com/]

Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) activity is a crucial molecular function involved in a wide range of cellular processes, primarily related to inflammation, immunity, and cell survival. TNFRs are transmembrane proteins that bind to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine produced by immune cells. Upon binding, TNFRs trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to the activation of transcription factors and the expression of target genes. These genes mediate a diverse array of cellular responses, including:

1. **Inflammation:** TNFR signaling plays a critical role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. When TNF binds to its receptors, it activates the NF-κB pathway, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF itself), chemokines, and adhesion molecules. These mediators attract immune cells to the site of inflammation and promote tissue repair.
2. **Apoptosis:** TNFR signaling can also induce apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death, in response to various stimuli, including cellular stress, viral infection, and DNA damage. The activation of TNFR1 (the most widely studied TNFR) can trigger the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), leading to the activation of caspases, a family of proteases responsible for the execution of apoptosis.
3. **Cell survival:** While TNF signaling is often associated with apoptosis, it can also promote cell survival under certain conditions. This protective effect is mediated through the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which can upregulate anti-apoptotic genes and protect cells from stress-induced death.
4. **Immune regulation:** TNFR signaling is essential for the proper function of the immune system. TNFRs regulate the activation and differentiation of immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages, ensuring appropriate immune responses.

Disruptions in TNFR signaling can lead to various pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease), cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. TNFR signaling pathways are actively investigated as therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases, and therapies targeting TNFRs are currently used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.'
"

Proteins (1)

Compounds (4)