DNA nuclease activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]

DNA nucleases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds within a DNA molecule. This process results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone, leading to the generation of shorter DNA fragments. The molecular function of DNA nuclease activity is essential for various cellular processes, including:
- DNA repair: DNA nucleases play a critical role in the removal of damaged or incorrect DNA sequences. They initiate DNA repair pathways by cleaving the damaged DNA strand, allowing for the subsequent repair of the defect.
- DNA replication: DNA nucleases are involved in the initiation and termination of DNA replication. They can cleave DNA at specific sites to facilitate the unwinding of DNA strands and the formation of replication forks.
- Recombination: DNA nucleases are essential for homologous recombination, a process that allows for the exchange of genetic information between DNA molecules. They cleave DNA at specific locations to promote the integration of new DNA sequences.
- Regulation of gene expression: DNA nucleases can regulate gene expression by cleaving DNA at specific sites, leading to the activation or inactivation of genes.
- Defense against invading pathogens: DNA nucleases are a crucial component of the innate immune system. They can cleave the DNA of invading pathogens, inhibiting their replication and spread.
- Apoptosis: DNA nucleases are involved in the programmed cell death process known as apoptosis. They can degrade DNA in a controlled manner, preventing the release of potentially harmful cellular contents.
The specificity of DNA nucleases varies depending on the type of enzyme. Some nucleases are highly specific for certain DNA sequences, while others are more general in their activity. The activity of DNA nucleases can be regulated by various factors, including pH, temperature, and the presence of cofactors. The dysfunction of DNA nucleases can lead to various diseases, including cancer and immunodeficiency.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (1)