glutaminase activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3. [EC:3.5.1.2]

Glutaminase activity is a critical enzymatic process that involves the hydrolysis of glutamine into glutamate and ammonia. Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that serves as a primary source of nitrogen in various metabolic pathways. Glutaminase enzymes catalyze the cleavage of the amide bond in glutamine, releasing ammonia and producing glutamate. This reaction plays a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and cellular energy production.

Glutaminase activity is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and plays a significant role in diverse biological processes. It is involved in the regulation of ammonia levels, the synthesis of neurotransmitters like glutamate, and the provision of nitrogen for the biosynthesis of nucleotides, purines, and pyrimidines.

There are two major isoforms of glutaminase: glutaminase 1 (GLS1) and glutaminase 2 (GLS2). GLS1 is found primarily in the liver and kidney and is responsible for the majority of glutaminase activity in these organs. GLS2, on the other hand, is widely expressed in various tissues, including the brain, muscle, and immune cells.

Glutaminase activity is regulated by a complex interplay of factors, including substrate availability, pH, and cellular energy status. In addition, several enzymes and regulatory proteins have been implicated in controlling glutaminase activity.

Glutaminase activity is tightly linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. Increased glutaminase activity has been observed in several cancer types, suggesting its potential role in tumor growth and progression. Conversely, deficiencies in glutaminase activity have been linked to neurological disorders and metabolic impairments.

Understanding the molecular function of glutaminase activity is crucial for comprehending the intricate mechanisms underlying cellular metabolism, nitrogen homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. Further research into the regulation and implications of glutaminase activity holds significant promise for developing novel therapeutic strategies for a wide range of human diseases.'
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Proteins (2)

Compounds (2)