ganglioside GM1 transport to membrane
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of ganglioside GM1 to membrane. [GO_REF:0000078, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:1454804]
Ganglioside GM1, a complex glycosphingolipid, is transported to the cell membrane through a multi-step process involving various intracellular compartments and molecular chaperones. Here's a detailed description of the transport pathway:
1. **Synthesis in the Golgi apparatus:** GM1 synthesis begins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where ceramide, the backbone of sphingolipids, is synthesized. Ceramide is then transported to the Golgi apparatus where it undergoes glycosylation and other modifications to form GM1.
2. **Golgi-to-plasma membrane transport:** The newly synthesized GM1 molecules are packaged into transport vesicles within the Golgi apparatus. These vesicles bud off from the Golgi and move towards the plasma membrane. This movement is often facilitated by microtubule-based motor proteins.
3. **Regulation by chaperone proteins:** Several chaperone proteins are involved in the efficient transport and targeting of GM1 to the plasma membrane. These include:
* **GM1 synthase:** The enzyme responsible for the final step in GM1 synthesis is also involved in chaperoning GM1 within the Golgi.
* **GM1-specific glycosphingolipid-binding protein (GM1-GBP):** This protein binds to GM1 and assists in its transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
* **Flotillin-1:** This protein interacts with GM1 and other sphingolipids, potentially facilitating their clustering and packaging into transport vesicles.
4. **Fusion with the plasma membrane:** The transport vesicles carrying GM1 reach the plasma membrane and fuse with it, releasing the GM1 molecules into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
5. **Lipid rafts:** GM1, along with other sphingolipids and cholesterol, often localizes to specialized membrane domains called lipid rafts. These rafts are enriched in specific proteins and are involved in various cellular processes, including signal transduction and membrane trafficking.
6. **Regulation and dynamics:** The transport of GM1 to the plasma membrane is highly regulated and influenced by cellular factors, including:
* **Cellular signaling pathways:** Various signaling pathways can modulate GM1 transport, influencing the composition and function of the plasma membrane.
* **Cellular differentiation and development:** The expression of GM1 and its transport are often altered during cellular differentiation and development.
The transport of GM1 to the plasma membrane is a complex process involving numerous steps, chaperone proteins, and regulatory mechanisms. This intricate pathway ensures the proper distribution of GM1, a crucial component of the plasma membrane, essential for its structure and function.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Prosaposin | A prosaposin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07602] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (1)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| fenretinide | 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids. Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent. | monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant |