mitotic cleavage furrow formation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any cleavage furrow formation that is involved in mitotic cell cycle. [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:TermGenie]

Mitotic cleavage furrow formation is a fundamental process in cell division that divides the cytoplasm of a parent cell into two daughter cells. It is initiated during late anaphase and telophase, following the separation of chromosomes. Here's a detailed description of the process:

1. **Contractile Ring Assembly:**
- **Microtubule-mediated Positioning:** The spindle microtubules, which played a role in chromosome segregation, shrink and depolymerize during anaphase, leaving behind a residual array of microtubules. These residual microtubules are essential for directing the localization of key proteins involved in cleavage furrow formation.
- **Actin and Myosin Recruitment:** The spindle midzone, a region between the separating chromosomes, becomes enriched with actin filaments and myosin II motor proteins. These proteins are recruited and organized through a complex interplay of signaling pathways and scaffolding proteins.
2. **Cleavage Furrow Ingression:**
- **Contractile Ring Formation:** The localized accumulation of actin and myosin II in the spindle midzone forms a contractile ring. This ring is a dynamic structure that changes shape and contracts during furrow formation.
- **Furrow Ingression:** As the contractile ring contracts, it pulls the plasma membrane inwards, creating a visible indentation called the cleavage furrow. The inward movement of the furrow progresses as the contractile ring tightens.
3. **Final Separation:**
- **Membrane Fusion:** As the cleavage furrow deepens, the plasma membrane at the furrow tip eventually fuses, forming a complete physical separation between the two daughter cells.
- **Daughter Cell Formation:** The daughter cells are now completely separated and can begin their own independent life cycles.

4. **Molecular Players:**
- **Actin and Myosin II:** The contractile ring's primary structural and contractile components.
- **RhoA GTPase:** A key signaling molecule that activates myosin II and promotes actin polymerization, contributing to contractile ring formation.
- **Other Regulatory Proteins:** Numerous other proteins are involved in regulating cleavage furrow formation, including Rho-kinase, formins, and proteins involved in microtubule dynamics.

5. **Regulation and Control:**
- **Spatial Control:** The spindle midzone provides a crucial spatial cue for the formation of the contractile ring.
- **Temporal Control:** The timing of cleavage furrow formation is tightly regulated by the cell cycle, ensuring that it occurs only after chromosome segregation is complete.
- **Cell Size and Shape:** The process is also influenced by the size and shape of the cell.

6. **Importance:**
- **Cell Division:** Cleavage furrow formation is essential for cell division, ensuring that the cytoplasm is properly partitioned into two daughter cells.
- **Tissue Development:** Proper cleavage furrow formation is vital for the development and growth of multicellular organisms.
- **Disease:** Errors in cleavage furrow formation can lead to developmental defects and disease.

This detailed description outlines the key aspects of mitotic cleavage furrow formation. It emphasizes the intricate interplay of proteins and signaling pathways that contribute to the precise and efficient partitioning of the cytoplasm during cell division.'
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