Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of cyclic GMP (cGMP), into, out of or within a cell. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) transport is a complex process involving the movement of this signaling molecule across cellular membranes. cGMP, a second messenger involved in various cellular processes, is synthesized by guanylate cyclases and degraded by phosphodiesterases. Its transport is crucial for maintaining proper cGMP levels and mediating its downstream effects.
There are several mechanisms involved in cGMP transport:
**1. Passive Diffusion:** cGMP, being a small molecule, can passively diffuse across lipid bilayers. However, this mechanism is limited by the concentration gradient and membrane permeability.
**2. Facilitated Diffusion:** Specific membrane proteins facilitate the movement of cGMP across the membrane without requiring energy. These proteins may bind to cGMP and enhance its permeability.
**3. Active Transport:** Some membrane proteins utilize energy to actively transport cGMP against its concentration gradient. This process often involves ATP hydrolysis and can be highly specific for cGMP.
**4. Vesicular Transport:** cGMP can also be transported within vesicles that bud off from the plasma membrane or other cellular compartments. This mechanism allows for the movement of cGMP over long distances within the cell.
**5. Receptor-Mediated Transport:** Some cGMP transporters may act as receptors, recognizing specific ligands and facilitating cGMP transport in response to external signals.
**6. Intracellular Trafficking:** cGMP can be transported between different cellular compartments, such as the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. This movement is essential for its diverse functions within the cell.
**7. cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinases (PKG):** While not directly a transport mechanism, PKGs can influence cGMP transport by phosphorylating specific proteins involved in cGMP trafficking.
**Overall, cGMP transport is a multifaceted process involving various mechanisms and proteins. These processes contribute to maintaining proper cGMP levels, regulating its signaling pathways, and ensuring its diverse functions within the cell.**'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 | An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15440] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| dilazep | dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties. Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity. | benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes | cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| dipyridamole | dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752) | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| sulfinpyrazone | Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
| trequinsin | trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | pyridopyrimidine | |
| l 660,711 | quinolines | ||
| cyclic gmp | 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine. Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| sildenafil | sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |