cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any cellular process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances. [GOC:mah]

Cellular detoxification of nitrogen compounds is a crucial process for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing damage caused by reactive nitrogen species (RNS). RNS are highly reactive molecules derived from nitrogen oxides, which can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids.

Cells have evolved a complex network of detoxification pathways to neutralize these harmful compounds. The primary detoxification pathway involves the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrite by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Nitrite can then be further reduced to ammonia by the enzyme nitrite reductase. Ammonia, a toxic compound, is then converted to urea by the urea cycle.

Another important detoxification pathway involves the detoxification of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) by glutathione (GSH). GSH is a tripeptide that serves as a reducing agent and can neutralize RNS by donating electrons. This reaction forms glutathione disulfide (GSSG), which can be recycled back to GSH by the enzyme glutathione reductase.

The detoxification of nitrogen compounds also involves the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. SOD converts superoxide radicals (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), while catalase breaks down H2O2 to water and oxygen. These enzymes play a critical role in preventing the formation of RNS from oxygen radicals.

In addition to these enzymatic pathways, cells can also utilize non-enzymatic mechanisms for detoxification. These include the binding of RNS to metal ions, such as iron and copper, and the sequestration of RNS by proteins.

Overall, cellular detoxification of nitrogen compounds is a multi-faceted process that involves the coordinated action of enzymes, proteins, and other molecules. These detoxification pathways are essential for protecting cells from the harmful effects of RNS and maintaining cellular homeostasis.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (1)