asymmetric neuroblast division

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. [GOC:dph]

Asymmetric neuroblast division is a fundamental process in the development of the nervous system. It allows for the generation of two daughter cells with distinct fates, one remaining a neuroblast (self-renewal) and the other differentiating into a specific neuronal or glial cell type. This asymmetry is achieved through a complex interplay of molecular mechanisms, including:

1. **Asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants:** Neuroblasts possess intrinsic asymmetry, with specific proteins and mRNAs localized to distinct regions of the cell. During division, these determinants are unequally distributed to the daughter cells. For example, the transcription factor Numb is localized to one side of the neuroblast and is segregated to the daughter cell that will differentiate.

2. **Spindle orientation and asymmetric positioning:** The mitotic spindle, which separates chromosomes during division, is often oriented in a specific way within the neuroblast. This orientation ensures that the two daughter cells inherit different sets of cytoplasmic factors.

3. **Differential inheritance of cell surface molecules:** Cell surface receptors and adhesion molecules can also be asymmetrically localized in the neuroblast. These molecules play a role in cell-cell interactions and signaling, contributing to the differences in daughter cell fates.

4. **Differential gene expression:** The unequal inheritance of transcription factors and signaling molecules leads to distinct gene expression programs in the two daughter cells. This differential gene expression further reinforces the commitment of each cell to its specific fate.

These intricate molecular mechanisms work together to ensure the precise and reproducible generation of neuronal diversity during development. Asymmetric neuroblast division is crucial for building the complex and highly specialized nervous system, allowing for the proper formation of different neuronal subtypes and the establishment of functional neural circuits.'
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