protein de-ADP-ribosylation
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein. [GOC:ai]
De-ADP-ribosylation is a critical enzymatic process that removes ADP-ribose (ADPR) moieties from proteins, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes. This reaction is catalyzed by a family of enzymes known as ADP-ribosylhydrolases (ARHs) or poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolases (PARGs). The process involves the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond between the ADPR moiety and the target protein, effectively reversing the action of ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs).
De-ADP-ribosylation participates in a wide range of cellular functions, including:
1. DNA repair: PARP1, a key regulator of DNA repair, undergoes auto-ADP-ribosylation upon DNA damage. This modification recruits repair proteins and facilitates DNA repair. PARGs subsequently remove the ADPR chains, restoring PARP1 to its inactive state and preventing excessive DNA repair activity.
2. Cell signaling: ADP-ribosylation plays a significant role in various signaling pathways. For example, ADP-ribosylation of G proteins can regulate their activity, affecting downstream signaling cascades. ARHs contribute to the fine-tuning of these signaling events by removing ADPR moieties.
3. Chromatin regulation: ADP-ribosylation of histones, the core proteins of nucleosomes, can influence chromatin structure and gene expression. De-ADP-ribosylation by ARHs can modulate these processes, affecting the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors.
4. Immune response: ADP-ribosylation and de-ADP-ribosylation are involved in immune regulation. For instance, ADP-ribosylation of bacterial toxins by ARTs can neutralize their activity, while ARHs can remove ADPR moieties from host proteins that have been modified by bacterial toxins.
5. Apoptosis: De-ADP-ribosylation can influence the apoptotic cascade. For example, ARHs can remove ADPR from PARP1, preventing its overactivation and promoting apoptosis.
In summary, de-ADP-ribosylation is an essential cellular process that regulates a wide array of cellular events, including DNA repair, cell signaling, chromatin regulation, immune response, and apoptosis. ARHs play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by removing ADPR moieties from proteins, thereby fine-tuning cellular responses to various stimuli.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| ADP-ribose glycohydrolase MACROD2 | An ADP-ribose glycohydrolase MACROD2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:A1Z1Q3] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (1)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| dihydralazine | Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354) | phthalazines |