Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. [GOC:ai]
Protein secretion is a fundamental cellular process that involves the movement of proteins from the inside of a cell to the outside. It is a tightly regulated process, ensuring that the correct proteins are secreted at the appropriate time and in the appropriate amounts.
The process begins in the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins, and the newly synthesized proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via a signal peptide. This signal peptide is a short sequence of amino acids that directs the ribosome and the nascent protein to the ER membrane.
Once at the ER, the signal peptide is cleaved by a signal peptidase, and the protein enters the ER lumen. Here, proteins undergo folding and post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation. The ER serves as a quality control checkpoint, ensuring that only properly folded proteins are allowed to proceed to the next step.
From the ER, proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus, a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs. In the Golgi, proteins are further modified and sorted. They may be glycosylated, sulfated, or phosphorylated. The Golgi also plays a role in the packaging of proteins into transport vesicles.
These vesicles bud off from the Golgi and transport the proteins to their final destinations. For proteins destined for secretion, the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the proteins into the extracellular space.
Regulation of protein secretion occurs at multiple steps.
At the transcriptional level, the expression of genes encoding secretory proteins is tightly controlled. This involves the binding of transcription factors to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of these genes.
At the translational level, the rate of protein synthesis is regulated by factors such as the availability of mRNA, the activity of ribosomes, and the presence of chaperone proteins.
At the post-translational level, protein secretion is regulated by the activity of chaperone proteins, which help to fold and transport proteins through the secretory pathway.
The process of protein secretion is also regulated by various signaling pathways, including the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is a cellular stress response that is activated when there is an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER. The UPR leads to the upregulation of genes involved in protein folding, degradation, and secretion.
Overall, the regulation of protein secretion is a complex and highly coordinated process. It is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and for carrying out various physiological functions, including cell signaling, cell-cell interactions, and immune responses.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-6 | An NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8N6T7] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
niacinamide | nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
pyrazinamide | pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis. | monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines | antitubercular agent; prodrug |
pyrazinoic acid | pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide. pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure | pyrazinecarboxylic acid | antitubercular agent; drug metabolite |
1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine | 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine: structure in first source | ||
rubimaillin | rubimaillin : A benzochromene that is 2H-benzo[h]chromene which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 2, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a hydroxy group at position 6. Found in the Chinese medical plant Rubia cordifola, It has an anti-cancer effect by inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. It is also a dual inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2), but is more selective for the ACAT2 isozyme. rubimaillin: structure given in first source | benzochromene; methyl ester; phenols | acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite |
5-chloropyrazinamide | |||
trichostatin a | trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES | antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
(3R,5S)-fluvastatin | (3R,5S)-fluvastatin : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which the stereocentres beta- and delta- to the carboxy group have R and S configuration, respectively. The drug fluvastatin is an equimolar mixture of this compound and its enantiomer. | (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid; statin (synthetic) | |
ly2784544 | pyridazines |