intermediate mesoderm development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. [GOC:dgh]

Intermediate mesoderm (IM) development is a crucial process in vertebrate embryogenesis, giving rise to a diverse array of structures essential for the organism's survival. This process is characterized by a series of tightly regulated steps that involve cell fate specification, migration, and differentiation, ultimately leading to the formation of the kidneys, gonads, and adrenal glands.

The formation of IM begins during gastrulation, with the specification of the presumptive IM cells in the primitive streak of the embryo. These cells express specific transcription factors, including Pax2, Wnt4, and Six2, which define their identity and set the stage for their future development.

Following gastrulation, the IM cells migrate dorsolaterally from the primitive streak, forming a distinct region adjacent to the paraxial mesoderm. This migration is guided by various signaling molecules, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).

As the IM cells migrate and differentiate, they form the nephric cord, the precursor of the kidneys. This process involves the activation of specific genes, such as Ret, GDNF, and Wnt9b, which regulate the formation of nephric tubules and the subsequent development of functional kidneys.

In parallel with nephrogenesis, the IM also contributes to the development of the gonads. Within the IM, a specific region known as the genital ridge forms, serving as the foundation for the development of testes in males and ovaries in females. This differentiation is driven by the expression of specific transcription factors, such as Sox9 and Sry in males and Wnt4 and Rspo1 in females.

Finally, the IM also gives rise to the adrenal glands, which are endocrine organs responsible for producing hormones essential for regulating blood pressure, metabolism, and stress response. The development of the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal gland, originates from the IM.

In summary, the development of IM involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cell-cell interactions. This intricate process results in the formation of crucial organs that play vital roles in the survival and well-being of vertebrates.'
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