carotenoid transport

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of carotenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail. [GOC:ai]

Carotenoids are a class of pigments found in plants, algae, and some bacteria. They are essential for human health, providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Carotenoid transport involves a complex interplay of processes that ensure their efficient delivery from the diet to target tissues.

The journey begins in the small intestine, where dietary carotenoids are ingested and absorbed. Once in the intestinal lumen, carotenoids are solubilized by bile salts and fatty acids. This allows them to be incorporated into micelles, tiny lipid spheres that facilitate their transport across the intestinal lining.

Upon crossing the intestinal epithelium, carotenoids enter the lymphatic system via chylomicrons, large lipid-containing particles. These chylomicrons travel through the lymphatic system and eventually enter the bloodstream.

In the bloodstream, carotenoids are associated with lipoprotein particles, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, carries carotenoids to various tissues throughout the body, including the liver.

The liver plays a central role in carotenoid metabolism and distribution. Carotenoids are taken up by hepatocytes, the liver cells, and can be stored there or further processed. The liver can convert certain carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, into vitamin A.

From the liver, carotenoids can be released back into the bloodstream and transported to other tissues, including the skin, eyes, and reproductive organs. These tissues utilize carotenoids for their specific functions, such as providing color, protecting against oxidative stress, and supporting vision.

Carotenoid transport is influenced by various factors, including the type of carotenoid, dietary intake, and individual genetics. Specific transporters and enzymes are involved in mediating the uptake, processing, and delivery of carotenoids.

Efficient carotenoid transport is crucial for optimal health. Adequate intake of carotenoids through a balanced diet ensures sufficient delivery to target tissues, promoting cellular function and protecting against disease.'
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