A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:rl, PMID:16418265, PMID:17035521]
Vocal learning is a complex biological process that involves the acquisition and modification of vocalizations through experience. It is a crucial ability for many animal species, including humans, birds, and some marine mammals. Here's a detailed description of the process:
1. **Auditory Perception:** The process begins with the perception of sound. Specialized auditory neurons in the brain receive and process acoustic information from the environment.
2. **Sensory Motor Integration:** The brain then integrates the auditory information with motor commands related to vocal production. This integration occurs in specific brain regions, such as the song control nuclei in birds or the Broca's area in humans.
3. **Vocal Production:** Based on the integrated sensory and motor information, the brain sends signals to the vocal apparatus, which consists of muscles, ligaments, and other structures involved in sound generation.
4. **Vocal Output:** The vocal apparatus produces sounds that are then emitted into the environment.
5. **Auditory Feedback:** The animal hears its own vocalizations, providing auditory feedback that is crucial for learning and fine-tuning vocalizations.
6. **Plasticity:** During the learning process, the brain exhibits remarkable plasticity, allowing for changes in neural connections and activity patterns. This plasticity is essential for modifying vocalizations based on auditory feedback.
7. **Social Interaction:** In many species, vocal learning is influenced by social interactions. Animals learn from each other's vocalizations, often through imitation or feedback from other individuals.
8. **Repertoire Development:** Vocal learning can lead to the development of complex repertoires of vocalizations. This allows for communication of various messages, such as alarm calls, courtship songs, or territorial claims.
9. **Genetic Influence:** While experience plays a critical role in vocal learning, genetic factors also influence the process. Certain genes are involved in the development of the auditory system, vocal apparatus, and brain regions associated with vocalization.
10. **Critical Periods:** In some species, there are critical periods during development when vocal learning is most effective. These periods are characterized by heightened plasticity and sensitivity to auditory input.
Vocal learning is a fascinating and complex process that highlights the remarkable ability of some animals to adapt and learn from their environment.'
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| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|
| SMER 28 | SMER 28 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted by a prop-2-en-1-ylnitrilo group and a bromo group at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a modulator of mammalian autophagy. | organobromine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound | autophagy inducer |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[2-[(6-chloro-4-quinazolinyl)amino]ethyl]phenol | | quinazolines | |
| 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(4-bromophenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(2-bromophenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(3-bromophenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl]benzonitrile | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-(4-nitrophenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-(4-phenylphenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | biphenyls;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4-(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-(3-thiophenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(2-benzofuranyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(4-dibenzothiophenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | dibenzothiophenes;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 1-[2-[4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl]phenyl]ethanone | | aromatic ketone;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-(1-naphthalenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 5-bromo-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine | | aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine | |
| 1-[3-[4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl]phenyl]ethanone | | aromatic ketone;
thienopyrimidine | |