Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Retinoic acid catabolism is a crucial process for regulating the levels of retinoic acid, a highly potent signaling molecule derived from vitamin A. This process involves a series of enzymatic steps that convert retinoic acid into less active metabolites.
The catabolic pathway is initiated by the enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, particularly CYP26A1, which catalyzes the oxidation of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxyretinoic acid. This step is the rate-limiting step in retinoic acid catabolism.
Further oxidation reactions, catalyzed by other enzymes such as aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), lead to the formation of more polar metabolites that are readily excreted in urine and bile. The final product of retinoic acid catabolism is typically a glucuronide conjugate, which is a water-soluble form that can be easily eliminated from the body.
The catabolic process is tightly regulated, ensuring that retinoic acid levels remain within a narrow range, as both excess and deficiency can have detrimental effects on cellular function and development.
Retinoic acid plays a critical role in numerous developmental processes, including embryonic patterning, organogenesis, and cell differentiation. It is also involved in the regulation of immune responses and the maintenance of homeostasis in various tissues.
Therefore, proper regulation of retinoic acid levels via catabolism is essential for maintaining normal development and function.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome P450 26B1 | A cytochrome P450 26B1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NR63] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cytochrome P450 2W1 | A cytochrome P450 2W1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8TAV3] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cytochrome P450 26A1 | A cytochrome P450 26A1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O43174] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| ketoconazole | 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| tranylcypromine | (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine. tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine). Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | |
| liarozole | liarozole: inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase; effective against hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors; R 75251 is chlorohydrate of R 61405; a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism; USAN name - liarozole fumarate | benzimidazoles | |
| proadifen hydrochloride | |||
| pirlindole | pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812 | carbazoles | |
| bexarotene | benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid | antineoplastic agent | |
| sr 11237 | SR 11237: structure given in first source | ||
| r 115866 | N-{4-[2-ethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl}-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-[2-ethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl group. R 115866: structure in first source talarozole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-talarozole. It is used for the treatment of keratinization disorders, psoriasis and acne. | aromatic amine; benzothiazoles; secondary amino compound; triazoles | |
| kaf156 | ganaplacide: antimalarial |