Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell. [GOC:ai]
Purine nucleotide transport is a crucial process in maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy production. It involves the movement of purine nucleotides, such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), across cell membranes. This process is essential for a variety of cellular functions, including:
* **Energy production:** Purine nucleotides are the building blocks of ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.
* **Signal transduction:** Purine nucleotides act as signaling molecules, participating in various cellular processes like growth, differentiation, and inflammation.
* **DNA and RNA synthesis:** Purine nucleotides are integral components of nucleic acids, which carry genetic information.
The transport of purine nucleotides across cell membranes is mediated by specific transporter proteins, which can be classified into two main types:
* **Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs):** These transporters facilitate the bidirectional movement of purine nucleotides across the membrane, driven by the concentration gradient.
* **Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs):** These transporters actively transport purine nucleotides against their concentration gradient, requiring energy from ATP hydrolysis.
The specific mechanisms of transport can vary depending on the transporter protein and the cell type. For example, in erythrocytes, the primary mechanism for purine nucleotide uptake is through ENTs. However, in other cell types, such as hepatocytes, both ENTs and CNTs play a role in regulating purine nucleotide levels.
Several factors can affect purine nucleotide transport, including:
* **Cellular energy status:** Cells with high energy demands, like muscle cells, often have higher levels of purine nucleotide transport.
* **Hormonal regulation:** Hormones like insulin can influence the expression and activity of purine nucleotide transporters.
* **Disease states:** Dysregulation of purine nucleotide transport has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
In summary, purine nucleotide transport is a vital process that enables cells to acquire, utilize, and regulate purine nucleotides. This complex process is tightly controlled by a network of transporters and signaling pathways, ensuring the proper balance of purine nucleotides within the cell, which is essential for maintaining cellular function and survival.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 11 | An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 11 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96J66] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 | An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15440] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
dilazep | dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties. Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity. | benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes | cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
dipyridamole | dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752) | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
sulfinpyrazone | Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
trequinsin | trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | pyridopyrimidine | |
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate | dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. | 17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
methotrexate | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent | |
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide | 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage. | 3-hydroxy steroid; steroid glucosiduronic acid | |
l 660,711 | quinolines | ||
cyclic gmp | 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine. Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
sildenafil | sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |