proline biosynthetic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]

Proline biosynthesis is a complex metabolic pathway that involves the conversion of glutamate to proline, a nonessential amino acid that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes. The pathway is highly conserved across organisms, and it is essential for the proper functioning of cells and tissues.

The proline biosynthetic pathway begins with the reduction of glutamate to glutamate-5-semialdehyde, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate 5-kinase (G5K). This step requires ATP and is highly regulated. Glutamate-5-semialdehyde is then cyclized by the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) to form pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), a key intermediate in proline biosynthesis.

P5C can then be further reduced to proline by the enzyme proline reductase (ProR), which requires NADPH as a cofactor. However, P5C can also be oxidized to glutamate by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), providing a feedback mechanism for the pathway.

The regulation of proline biosynthesis is complex and involves multiple factors, including the availability of substrates, the activity of enzymes, and the levels of proline itself. The pathway is tightly controlled to ensure that proline levels are maintained at appropriate levels for cellular function.

Proline biosynthesis is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a major structural protein in connective tissues. Proline also plays a role in other cellular processes, including protein folding, cellular signaling, and osmotic regulation. Defects in proline biosynthesis can lead to various disorders, including connective tissue diseases, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders.'
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Proteins (3)

Compounds (2)