glutamine biosynthetic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. [GOC:ai]
Glutamine biosynthesis is a vital metabolic pathway that produces glutamine, a non-essential amino acid. Glutamine plays numerous roles in the body, including serving as a nitrogen donor for a wide range of biosynthetic reactions, acting as a fuel source for rapidly dividing cells, and contributing to the maintenance of acid-base balance. The process occurs primarily in the mitochondria of cells and involves the conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glutamine synthetase, which utilizes ATP to drive the reaction forward. Glutamate is a precursor to glutamine, and its conversion to glutamine is an irreversible reaction. Ammonia, the other reactant, is derived from various metabolic pathways. The process is essential for maintaining cellular function, and dysregulation in glutamine biosynthesis can lead to a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. Glutamine biosynthesis is influenced by several factors, including diet, hormonal status, and cellular energy levels. The process is tightly regulated to meet the organism's needs and maintain metabolic homeostasis.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Glutamine synthetase | A glutamine synthetase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15104] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (1)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| prednisolone | prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |