Target type: biologicalprocess
The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Phagolysosome assembly is a crucial process in the innate immune response, enabling cells to effectively degrade and eliminate pathogens. It involves a series of coordinated steps culminating in the formation of a specialized organelle, the phagolysosome.
1. **Phagocytosis Initiation:** The process begins when a phagocytic cell, such as a macrophage or neutrophil, encounters a pathogen or other foreign particle. This encounter triggers the activation of receptors on the cell surface, leading to the engulfment of the target.
2. **Phagosome Formation:** The cell membrane invaginates and surrounds the pathogen, forming a sealed compartment called a phagosome. This compartment is essentially a membrane-bound vesicle containing the internalized particle.
3. **Phagosome Maturation:** The newly formed phagosome undergoes a series of maturation steps, characterized by changes in its composition and enzymatic content. This maturation is driven by the fusion of the phagosome with other cellular compartments, particularly early endosomes.
4. **Lysosome Fusion:** As the phagosome matures, it eventually fuses with lysosomes. Lysosomes are acidic organelles containing a potent cocktail of hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases, lipases, nucleases, and glycosidases. These enzymes are essential for the breakdown of the ingested material.
5. **Phagolysosome Formation:** The fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome results in the formation of the phagolysosome. This specialized organelle is characterized by its acidic environment and its high concentration of degradative enzymes.
6. **Degradation of Pathogen:** Within the phagolysosome, the ingested pathogen is subjected to the action of the lysosomal enzymes. These enzymes break down the pathogen's proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other components.
7. **Exocytosis of Debris:** Once the pathogen is completely degraded, the phagolysosome may fuse with the cell membrane, releasing the digested debris outside the cell.
8. **Antigen Presentation:** In some cases, small fragments of the degraded pathogen, known as antigens, are presented on the surface of the phagocytic cell. This antigen presentation allows the cell to activate other immune cells, such as T cells, leading to a more coordinated immune response.
Phagolysosome assembly is a tightly regulated process, involving a complex interplay of signaling pathways, protein interactions, and membrane trafficking events. This intricate process ensures the efficient and effective degradation of pathogens, contributing to the overall health and survival of the host organism.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
P2X purinoceptor 7 | A P2X purinoceptor 7 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99572] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
oxatomide | oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug. oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic | benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid | 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6. pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert | arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde | purinergic receptor P2X antagonist |
suramin | suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years. Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. | naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug |
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate | alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
sb 203580 | imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide | EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent | |
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate | |||
6-thioinosine-5'-triphosphate | organic molecule | ||
mrs2159 | MRS2159: an antagonist of both P2X1 and P2X7 receptors | ||
imd 0354 | N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first source | benzamides | |
kn 62 | KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II | piperazines | |
az 11645373 | AZ 11645373: InChIKey: VQEHBLGYANQWEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N | ||
az10606120 | AZ10606120: a P2X7 receptor antagonist | ||
ce 224,535 | CE 224,535: structure in first source | ||
a-438079 | |||
af 353 | 5-(5-iodo-2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: a P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source | ||
gsk1482160 | |||
a-839977 | A-839977: a selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, analgesic; structure in first source | ||
jnj-47965567 | JNJ-47965567: a P2X7 purinergic receptor antagonist; structure in first source | ||
mk-8742 | elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults. elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus | carbamate ester; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly | antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent |