neural fold formation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]

Neural fold formation is a fundamental developmental process that occurs during the early stages of vertebrate embryogenesis. It is the process by which the neural plate, a sheet of ectoderm that forms the precursor to the central nervous system, folds inward to form the neural tube. This intricate process involves a complex interplay of molecular signals, cellular interactions, and mechanical forces.

The formation of the neural fold begins with the induction of the neural plate by underlying mesoderm. Signals from the organizer, a signaling center in the dorsal mesoderm, initiate the expression of genes involved in neural development. These genes, such as the transcription factors Otx2 and Sox2, specify the neural fate of the ectoderm.

As the neural plate expands, it undergoes a dramatic transformation, becoming thicker and narrower. This morphological change is driven by differential cell division and migration. The cells on the medial side of the neural plate divide more rapidly than those on the lateral side, leading to a convergence of the plate.

At the same time, the cells on the lateral side of the neural plate, called the neural crest cells, undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This transformation allows the neural crest cells to migrate away from the neural tube, contributing to the formation of various tissues and organs throughout the body.

The formation of the neural fold is also influenced by mechanical forces. As the neural plate converges, the cells on the dorsal side of the plate, called the hinge points, undergo a shape change. The hinge points become wedge-shaped, creating a curvature that drives the folding of the neural plate.

The neural fold then folds inward, creating a groove called the neural groove. The edges of the neural groove rise and eventually meet, fusing together to form the neural tube. This process of fusion is crucial for the proper closure of the neural tube and the formation of the brain and spinal cord.

During neural tube closure, the neural crest cells, which had migrated from the neural plate, differentiate into various cell types, contributing to the formation of the peripheral nervous system, pigment cells, and other tissues.

Failure of the neural tube to close properly can lead to birth defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. These conditions highlight the critical role of neural fold formation in the development of a healthy nervous system.

The complex interplay of molecular signals, cellular interactions, and mechanical forces that orchestrate neural fold formation is a testament to the intricate nature of developmental processes. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this process is essential for understanding the development of the central nervous system and for identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions in neural tube defects.'
"

Proteins (1)

Compounds (1)