| Compound | Description |
|---|
| hydronium ion | |
| Succinate | |
| Carbon Dioxide | A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. |
| Water | A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
| Oxygen | An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration. |
| ampelopsin | hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source |
| alpha-Ketoglutarate | |
| s-adenosylmethionine | Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed) |
| myricetin | |
| syringetin | from grape and wine, induces human osteoblast differentiation |
| taxifolin | a key intermediate between FLAVONOLS and FLAVANOLIGNINS |