Pathways > Visual phototransduction
Page last updated: 2024-10-06

Visual phototransduction

Proteins (60)

ProteinSynonymsTaxonomy
Apolipoprotein B-100Apo B-100Homo sapiens (human)
Retinaldehyde-binding protein 1Cellular retinaldehyde-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alphaGMP-PDE alpha; EC 3.1.4.35; PDE V-B1Homo sapiens (human)
Protein farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyltransferase type-1 subunit alphaEC 2.5.1.58; EC 2.5.1.59; CAAX farnesyltransferase subunit alpha; FTase-alpha; Ras proteins prenyltransferase subunit alpha; Type I protein geranyl-geranyltransferase subunit alpha; GGTase-I-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase DN-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D; NAPE-PLD; NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D; EC 3.1.4.54Homo sapiens (human)
Retinoid isomerohydrolaseEC 3.1.1.64; All-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase; Lutein isomerase; Meso-zeaxanthin isomerase; 5.3.3.22; Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein; Retinol isomeraseHomo sapiens (human)
RhodopsinOpsin-2Homo sapiens (human)
TransthyretinATTR; Prealbumin; TBPAHomo sapiens (human)
Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gammaGMP-PDE gamma; EC 3.1.4.35Homo sapiens (human)
Protein farnesyltransferase subunit betaFTase-beta; EC 2.5.1.58; CAAX farnesyltransferase subunit beta; Ras proteins prenyltransferase subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1Transducin beta chain 1Homo sapiens (human)
Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1GCAP 1; Guanylate cyclase activator 1AHomo sapiens (human)
Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipasePL; PTL; Pancreatic lipase; EC 3.1.1.3Homo sapiens (human)
Rhodopsin kinase GRK1RK; EC 2.7.11.14; G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Low-density lipoprotein receptorLDL receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Apolipoprotein A-IApo-AI; ApoA-I; Apolipoprotein A1Homo sapiens (human)
Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2EC 2.3.1.75; 11-cis-specific retinyl-ester synthase; 11-cis-RE-synthase; Acyl-CoA retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase; ARAT; Retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase; 2.3.1.76; Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2-like protein 4; Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase candidaHomo sapiens (human)
Apolipoprotein C-IIIApo-CIII; ApoC-III; Apolipoprotein C3Homo sapiens (human)
Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4; CNG channel 4; CNG-4; CNG4; Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel gamma; Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel modulatory subunit; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta-1; CNG channel beta-1; Glutamic acid-rich pHomo sapiens (human)
Retinol-binding protein 4Plasma retinol-binding protein; PRBP; RBPHomo sapiens (human)
Long-wave-sensitive opsin 1Red cone photoreceptor pigment; Red-sensitive opsin; ROPHomo sapiens (human)
Calmodulin-1Homo sapiens (human)
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit betaGMP-PDE beta; EC 3.1.4.35Homo sapiens (human)
Methionine aminopeptidase 2MAP 2; MetAP 2; EC 3.4.11.18; Initiation factor 2-associated 67 kDa glycoprotein; p67; p67eIF2; Peptidase MHomo sapiens (human)
Methionine aminopeptidase 1MAP 1; MetAP 1; EC 3.4.11.18; Peptidase M 1Homo sapiens (human)
Lecithin retinol acyltransferaseEC 2.3.1.135; Phosphatidylcholine--retinol O-acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Retinol-binding protein 2Cellular retinol-binding protein II; CRBP-IIHomo sapiens (human)
All-trans-retinol 13,14-reductaseEC 1.3.99.23; All-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol saturase; RetSat; PPAR-alpha-regulated and starvation-induced gene proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Apolipoprotein MApo-M; ApoM; Protein G3aHomo sapiens (human)
Retinol-binding protein 3Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein; IRBP; Interstitial retinol-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Retinol-binding protein 1Cellular retinol-binding protein; CRBP; Cellular retinol-binding protein I; CRBP-IHomo sapiens (human)
Apolipoprotein A-IIApo-AII; ApoA-II; Apolipoprotein A2Homo sapiens (human)
Apolipoprotein C-IIApo-CII; ApoC-II; Apolipoprotein C2Homo sapiens (human)
Apolipoprotein A-IVApo-AIV; ApoA-IV; Apolipoprotein A4Homo sapiens (human)
Phospholipase B1, membrane-associatedPhospholipase B; hPLB; Lysophospholipase; 3.1.1.5; Phospholipase A2; 3.1.1.4; Phospholipase B/lipase; PLB/LIP; Triacylglycerol lipase; 3.1.1.3Homo sapiens (human)
S-arrestin48 kDa protein; Retinal S-antigen; S-AG; Rod photoreceptor arrestinHomo sapiens (human)
Short-wave-sensitive opsin 1Blue cone photoreceptor pigment; Blue-sensitive opsin; BOPHomo sapiens (human)
cGMP-gated cation channel alpha-1Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 1; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha-1; CNG channel alpha-1; CNG-1; CNG1; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, photoreceptor; Rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
RecoverinCancer-associated retinopathy protein; Protein CARHomo sapiens (human)
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 1PPEF-1; EC 3.1.3.16; Protein phosphatase with EF calcium-binding domain; PPEF; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7; PP7Homo sapiens (human)
Beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenaseEC 1.13.11.63; Beta-carotene dioxygenase 1; Beta-carotene oxygenase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 3GCAP 3; Guanylate cyclase activator 1CHomo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 1Na(+)/K(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange protein 1; Retinal rod Na-Ca+K exchanger; Solute carrier family 24 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3EC 1.1.1.300; DD83.1; Retinal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 1; retSDR1; Retinol dehydrogenase 17; Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C member 1Homo sapiens (human)
Apolipoprotein EApo-EHomo sapiens (human)
Medium-wave-sensitive opsin 1Green cone photoreceptor pigment; Green-sensitive opsin; GOPHomo sapiens (human)
ColipaseHomo sapiens (human)
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-1Transducin alpha-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1Transducin gamma chainHomo sapiens (human)
Retinal-specific phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA4EC 7.6.2.1; ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 4; RIM ABC transporter; RIM protein; RmP; Retinal-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter; Stargardt disease proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Unconventional myosin-VIIaHomo sapiens (human)
Regulator of G-protein signaling 9-binding proteinRGS9-anchoring proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Cytochrome P450 4V2Docosahexaenoic acid omega-hydroxylase CYP4V2; 1.14.14.79; Long-chain fatty acid omega-monooxygenase; 1.14.14.80Homo sapiens (human)
Calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferaseCLNMT; CaM KMT; EC 2.1.1.60Homo sapiens (human)
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1GPI-HBP1; GPI-anchored HDL-binding protein 1; High density lipoprotein-binding protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
Retinol dehydrogenase 11EC 1.1.1.300; Androgen-regulated short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 1; HCV core-binding protein HCBP12; Prostate short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 1; Retinal reductase 1; RalR1; Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 7C member 1Homo sapiens (human)
Retinol dehydrogenase 12EC 1.1.1.300; All-trans and 9-cis retinol dehydrogenase; Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 7C member 2Homo sapiens (human)
Receptor for retinol uptake STRA6Retinol-binding protein receptor STRA6; Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 protein homologHomo sapiens (human)
Beta,beta-carotene 9',10'-oxygenaseEC 1.13.11.71; B-diox-II; Beta-carotene dioxygenase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2GCAP 2; Guanylate cyclase activator 1BHomo sapiens (human)

Compounds (35)

CompoundDescription
hydronium ion
cobaltA trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.
NADH
CalciumA basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
ironA metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
Orthophosphate
retinol
beta caroteneA carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).
retinol palmitateRN given refers to parent cpd; structure
CholesterolThe principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
retinaldehydeA diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.
adenosine diphosphateAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
potassiumAn element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
MagnesiumA metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
SodiumA member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
WaterA clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
OxygenAn element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
palmitic acidA common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
Guanosine MonophosphateA guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.
cyclic gmpGuanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Guanosine DiphosphateA guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Guanosine MonophosphateA guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a
nadA coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
13,14-dihydroretinol
11-cis-Retinol
11-cis-retinal
adenosine triphosphateAn adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
beta-apo-10'-carotenalstructure in first source
s-adenosylmethioninePhysiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)
Coenzyme A
Palmitoyl Coenzyme AA fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.
beta-iononestimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure
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