Page last updated: 2024-10-06

The phototransduction cascade

Proteins (24)

ProteinSynonymsTaxonomy
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alphaGMP-PDE alpha; EC 3.1.4.35; PDE V-B1Homo sapiens (human)
Protein farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyltransferase type-1 subunit alphaEC 2.5.1.58; EC 2.5.1.59; CAAX farnesyltransferase subunit alpha; FTase-alpha; Ras proteins prenyltransferase subunit alpha; Type I protein geranyl-geranyltransferase subunit alpha; GGTase-I-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
RhodopsinOpsin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gammaGMP-PDE gamma; EC 3.1.4.35Homo sapiens (human)
Protein farnesyltransferase subunit betaFTase-beta; EC 2.5.1.58; CAAX farnesyltransferase subunit beta; Ras proteins prenyltransferase subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1Transducin beta chain 1Homo sapiens (human)
Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1GCAP 1; Guanylate cyclase activator 1AHomo sapiens (human)
Rhodopsin kinase GRK1RK; EC 2.7.11.14; G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4; CNG channel 4; CNG-4; CNG4; Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel gamma; Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel modulatory subunit; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta-1; CNG channel beta-1; Glutamic acid-rich pHomo sapiens (human)
Calmodulin-1Homo sapiens (human)
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit betaGMP-PDE beta; EC 3.1.4.35Homo sapiens (human)
Methionine aminopeptidase 2MAP 2; MetAP 2; EC 3.4.11.18; Initiation factor 2-associated 67 kDa glycoprotein; p67; p67eIF2; Peptidase MHomo sapiens (human)
Methionine aminopeptidase 1MAP 1; MetAP 1; EC 3.4.11.18; Peptidase M 1Homo sapiens (human)
S-arrestin48 kDa protein; Retinal S-antigen; S-AG; Rod photoreceptor arrestinHomo sapiens (human)
cGMP-gated cation channel alpha-1Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 1; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha-1; CNG channel alpha-1; CNG-1; CNG1; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, photoreceptor; Rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
RecoverinCancer-associated retinopathy protein; Protein CARHomo sapiens (human)
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 1PPEF-1; EC 3.1.3.16; Protein phosphatase with EF calcium-binding domain; PPEF; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7; PP7Homo sapiens (human)
Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 3GCAP 3; Guanylate cyclase activator 1CHomo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 1Na(+)/K(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange protein 1; Retinal rod Na-Ca+K exchanger; Solute carrier family 24 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-1Transducin alpha-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1Transducin gamma chainHomo sapiens (human)
Regulator of G-protein signaling 9-binding proteinRGS9-anchoring proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferaseCLNMT; CaM KMT; EC 2.1.1.60Homo sapiens (human)
Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2GCAP 2; Guanylate cyclase activator 1BHomo sapiens (human)

Compounds (17)

CompoundDescription
cobaltA trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.
CalciumA basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Orthophosphate
retinaldehydeA diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.
adenosine diphosphateAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
potassiumAn element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
MagnesiumA metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
SodiumA member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
WaterA clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Guanosine MonophosphateA guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.
cyclic gmpGuanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Guanosine DiphosphateA guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Guanosine MonophosphateA guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a
adenosine triphosphateAn adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
s-adenosylmethioninePhysiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)
Coenzyme A