Page last updated: 2024-10-06
The phototransduction cascade
Proteins (24)
| Protein | Synonyms | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha | GMP-PDE alpha; EC 3.1.4.35; PDE V-B1 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Protein farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyltransferase type-1 subunit alpha | EC 2.5.1.58; EC 2.5.1.59; CAAX farnesyltransferase subunit alpha; FTase-alpha; Ras proteins prenyltransferase subunit alpha; Type I protein geranyl-geranyltransferase subunit alpha; GGTase-I-alpha | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Rhodopsin | Opsin-2 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma | GMP-PDE gamma; EC 3.1.4.35 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Protein farnesyltransferase subunit beta | FTase-beta; EC 2.5.1.58; CAAX farnesyltransferase subunit beta; Ras proteins prenyltransferase subunit beta | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 | Transducin beta chain 1 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 | GCAP 1; Guanylate cyclase activator 1A | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Rhodopsin kinase GRK1 | RK; EC 2.7.11.14; G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-1 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4; CNG channel 4; CNG-4; CNG4; Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel gamma; Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel modulatory subunit; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta-1; CNG channel beta-1; Glutamic acid-rich p | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Calmodulin-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | |
| Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta | GMP-PDE beta; EC 3.1.4.35 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Methionine aminopeptidase 2 | MAP 2; MetAP 2; EC 3.4.11.18; Initiation factor 2-associated 67 kDa glycoprotein; p67; p67eIF2; Peptidase M | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Methionine aminopeptidase 1 | MAP 1; MetAP 1; EC 3.4.11.18; Peptidase M 1 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| S-arrestin | 48 kDa protein; Retinal S-antigen; S-AG; Rod photoreceptor arrestin | Homo sapiens (human) |
| cGMP-gated cation channel alpha-1 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 1; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha-1; CNG channel alpha-1; CNG-1; CNG1; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, photoreceptor; Rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel subunit alpha | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Recoverin | Cancer-associated retinopathy protein; Protein CAR | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 1 | PPEF-1; EC 3.1.3.16; Protein phosphatase with EF calcium-binding domain; PPEF; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7; PP7 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 3 | GCAP 3; Guanylate cyclase activator 1C | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 1 | Na(+)/K(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange protein 1; Retinal rod Na-Ca+K exchanger; Solute carrier family 24 member 1 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-1 | Transducin alpha-1 chain | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 | Transducin gamma chain | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Regulator of G-protein signaling 9-binding protein | RGS9-anchoring protein | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferase | CLNMT; CaM KMT; EC 2.1.1.60 | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 | GCAP 2; Guanylate cyclase activator 1B | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (17)
| Compound | Description |
|---|---|
| cobalt | A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. |
| Calcium | A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. |
| Orthophosphate | |
| retinaldehyde | A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer. |
| adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. |
| potassium | An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. |
| Magnesium | A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. |
| Sodium | A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. |
| Water | A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
| Guanosine Monophosphate | A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature. |
| cyclic gmp | Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
| Guanosine Diphosphate | A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
| Guanosine Monophosphate | A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature. |
| s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a | |
| adenosine triphosphate | An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. |
| s-adenosylmethionine | Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed) |
| Coenzyme A |