Page last updated: 2024-10-06

L-glutamate and L-glutamine biosynthesis

Proteins (14)

ProteinSynonymsTaxonomy
Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrialGDH 2; EC 1.4.1.3Homo sapiens (human)
Glutamine synthetaseGS; EC 6.3.1.2; Glutamate--ammonia ligase; Palmitoyltransferase GLUL; 2.3.1.225Homo sapiens (human)
Glutamine synthetaseGS; EC 6.3.1.2; Glutamate--ammonia ligase; Glutamine synthetase I beta; GSI betaEscherichia coli K-12
Glutamine synthetase, chloroplastic/mitochondrialEC 6.3.1.2; GS2; Glutamate--ammonia ligaseArabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)
Glutamate synthase [NADPH] large chainEC 1.4.1.13; Glutamate synthase subunit alpha; GLTS alpha chain; NADPH-GOGATEscherichia coli K-12
Glutamate synthase [NADPH] small chainEC 1.4.1.13; Glutamate synthase subunit beta; GLTS beta chain; NADPH-GOGATEscherichia coli K-12
Glutamine synthetaseGS; EC 6.3.1.2; Glutamate--ammonia ligaseSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288C
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrialGDH 1; EC 1.4.1.3Homo sapiens (human)
NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenaseNADP-GDH; EC 1.4.1.4Escherichia coli K-12
NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase 1NADP-GDH 1; EC 1.4.1.4; NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase 1Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C
NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase 2NADP-GDH 2; EC 1.4.1.4; NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase 2Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C
Glutamate synthase [NADH]EC 1.4.1.14; NADH-GOGATSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288C
Glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozyme 1-4EC 6.3.1.2; Glutamate--ammonia ligase GLN1;4; GLN1;4Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)
Glutamine synthetase type III

Compounds (25)

CompoundDescription
hydronium ion
NADH
Ammonium
ironA metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
ManganeseA trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
Orthophosphate
Aspartate
adenosine diphosphateAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
MagnesiumA metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
WaterA clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
adenosine monophosphateAdenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.
nadA coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
alpha-Ketoglutarate
OxaloacetateAn anionic form of oxaloacetic acid.
Carbamyl PhosphateThe monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).
glucosamine 6-phosphateRN given refers to parent cpd
D-Aspartate
D-Glutamate
glutamate
adenosine triphosphateAn adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
polyglutamineRN given for (D)-isomer
Cytidine TriphosphateCytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Flavin-Adenine DinucleotideA condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)