| hydronium ion | |
| succinic acid | A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) |
| Carbon Dioxide | A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. |
| apigenin | 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. |
| uridine diphosphate | A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. |
| Water | A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
| Oxygen | An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration. |
| quercetin 3'-sulfate | |
| aromadedrin | inhibits protein kinase C; the dihydro makes it a flavone rather than a flavonol |
| adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate | |
| alpha-ketoglutaric acid | |
| quercetin | A flavonol widely distributed in plants. It is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. Glycosylated forms include RUTIN and quercetrin. |
| luteolin | 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. |
| quercitrin | |
| quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside | structure in first source |
| kaempferol | |
| 3-methylquercetin | |
| astragalin | |
| kaempferol 3-o-rhamnoside | from apple (Malus domestica) leaves; structure in first source |
| phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate | 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms. |
| UDP-rhamnose | |
| s-adenosylmethionine | Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed) |
| taxifolin | a key intermediate between FLAVONOLS and FLAVANOLIGNINS |