zithromax and Conjunctivitis

Topics: Adolescent; Azithromycin; Child; Conjunctivitis; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Stomatitis; Urethritis

Trachomatous trichiasis frequently returns following surgery. Several factors may promote recurrence: preoperative disease severity, surgeon ability, surgical procedure, healing responses, and infection. This study investigates whether enhanced control of infection, both of Chlamydia trachomatis and other bacteria, with azithromycin can improve surgical outcome in a trachoma control programme.. Individuals with trachomatous trichiasis were examined and operated. After surgery patients were randomised to the azithromycin or control group. The azithromycin group and children in their household were given a dose of azithromycin. Antibiotic treatment was repeated at 6 months. All patients were reassessed at 6 months and 12 months. Samples were collected for C trachomatis polymerase chain reaction and general microbiology at each examination.. 451 patients were enrolled. 426 (94%) were reassessed at 1 year, of whom 176 (41.3%) had one or more lashes touching the eye and 84 (19.7%) had five or more lashes. There was no difference in trichiasis recurrence between the azithromycin and control group. Recurrent trichiasis was significantly associated with more severe preoperative trichiasis, bacterial infection, and severe conjunctival inflammation at 12 months. Significant variability in outcome was found between surgeons. Visual acuity and symptoms significantly improved following surgery.. In this setting, with a low prevalence of active trachoma, azithromycin did not improve the outcome of trichiasis surgery conducted by a trachoma control programme. Audit of trichiasis surgery should be routine.

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bacteria; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Disease Progression; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Eyelashes; Eyelid Diseases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gambia; Hair Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Care; Secondary Prevention; Severity of Illness Index; Trachoma

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Azithromycin; Chalazion; Child; Conjunctivitis; Corneal Neovascularization; Dexamethasone; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Rosacea

Topics: Administration, Ophthalmic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Conjunctivitis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Ophthalmic Solutions; Plasma; Plasminogen; Recurrence; Rifamycins; Skin Diseases, Genetic; Therapeutic Irrigation

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Child, Preschool; Conjunctivitis; Cough; Diagnosis, Differential; Fever; Humans; Male; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Mucositis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Rosacea fulminans (RF) is a severe form of facial dermatosis presenting with a sudden onset of numerous facial pustules, papules, and erythema. During pregnancy its treatment may be difficult and can have an impact on obstetrical outcomes.. A 37-year-old woman during the 37th week of her fourth pregnancy presented RF that was associated with ocular manifestations. The usual treatment with isotretinoin was contraindicated during pregnancy and the patient started an alternative treatment with prednisone and azithromycin. After delivery at 38 weeks of gestational age, there was a significant improvement.. RE is a severe dermatological disease with unknown etiology and with a rapid improvement in the immediate postpartum period.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azithromycin; Conjunctivitis; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Humans; Keratitis; Prednisone; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rosacea

We report a case of progressive, cephalosporin-susceptible, Neisseria gonorrhoeae conjunctivitis despite successful treatment of male urethritis syndrome. We hypothesize that conjunctival infection progressed due to insufficient penetration of cefixime and azithromycin and point out that extragenital infection and male urethritis may not be cured simultaneously in settings where the syndromic approach is used.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Cefixime; Conjunctivitis; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Urethritis

Topics: Azithromycin; Conjunctivitis; Dacryocystitis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Prenatal

Topical application of azithromycin suppresses expression of proinflammatory mediators while restoring transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels as evaluated by eyelid margin and conjunctival impression cytology.. To explore the effects of azithromycin therapy on expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators in meibomian gland disease (MGD).. Case-control study performed in a clinic setting from August 17, 2010, to December 31, 2010. Sixteen patients with posterior blepharitis and conjunctival inflammation due to MGD were treated with azithromycin, 1%, drops for 4 weeks. Impression cytology of the lower eyelid margin and tarsal conjunctiva to measure cytokine expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction as well as tear collection to measure matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity were performed once in 8 asymptomatic healthy control participants and 5 times in the 16 symptomatic patients (every 2 weeks for 8 weeks), before, during, and after azithromycin treatment.. Azithromycin, 1%, drops for 4 weeks.. Cytokine expression in the eyelid margin and conjunctiva, and MMP-9 activity in tears.. Compared with a 1-time measurement of 8 healthy participants, among 16 symptomatic patients, the mean (SD; 95% CI) fold change of expression of proinflammatory mediators interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and MMP-9 increased to 13.26 (4.33; 11.14-15.38; P < .001), 9.38 (3.37; 7.73-11.03; P < .001), and 13.49 (4.92; 11.08-15.90; P < .001), respectively, in conjunctival cells and to 11.75 (3.96; 9.81-13.69; P < .001), 9.31 (3.28; 7.70-10.92; P < .001), and 11.52 (3.50; 9.81-13.24; P < .001), respectively, in the eyelid margin of patients with MGD. In contrast, the mean (SD; 96% CI) fold change of expression of TGF-β1 messenger RNA (mRNA) decreased to 0.58 (0.25; 0.46-0.70; P = .02) and 0.63 (0.14; 0.56-0.70; P = .02) in conjunctival and eyelid margin cells, respectively, of patients with MGD. Azithromycin, 1%, caused a change in the expression pattern of these mediators toward normal levels during 4 weeks of treatment. Levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and MMP-9 mRNA remained suppressed, although they rebounded toward pretreatment values 4 weeks after azithromycin withdrawal. Expression of TGF-β1 increased during treatment and remained at levels similar to the healthy controls after drug withdrawal. Change in tear MMP-9 activity was similar to the pattern of MMP-9 transcripts.. While the study did not control for potential confounding factors over time independent of the intervention that may have contributed to the results, topical azithromycin suppressed expression of proinflammatory mediators and increased expression of TGF-β1 to normal levels. Increased TGF-β1 expression may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of azithromycin in MGD.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Blepharitis; Case-Control Studies; Conjunctivitis; Cytokines; Eye Proteins; Eyelid Diseases; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Meibomian Glands; Middle Aged; Ophthalmic Solutions; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Tears; Transcriptome; Transforming Growth Factor beta1

To determine profiles of non-chlamydia conjunctival bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility from adults who underwent trachomatous trichiasis surgery in rural areas of Ethiopia.. A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural districts in West Gojjam administrative zone. Conjunctival swabs were collected during surgery and transported using Stuart transport broth (Oxoid, UK). Antibiotic susceptibility of conjunctival isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method.. Non-chlamydia pathogenic bacteria were recovered from conjunctiva of 438 (31%) participants before treatment. The isolated conjunctival bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Streptococcus group (A, C, F and G), Enterococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella spp., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter spp. Overall, resistance rates of 57.8% to azithromycin and 68.5% to chloramphenicol were found. However, 86-94.4% sensitivity was demonstrated to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Moderate sensitivity rates (61.8-78.4%) were observed to ceftriaxone, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole.. Fluoroquinolones that have activity against the majority of bacterial isolates were potent at in vitro. However, unacceptably high levels of resistance to azithromycin and chloramphenicol in rural community indicated a need for further study and antimicrobial resistance surveillance.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bacteria; Chlamydia; Chloramphenicol Resistance; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethiopia; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Incidence; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Retrospective Studies; Rural Population

Macrolide antibiotics are known to have various anti-inflammatory effects in addition to their antimicrobial activity, but the mechanisms are still unclear. The effect of azithromycin on inflammatory molecules in the lipopolysaccharide-induced rat conjunctivitis model was investigated.. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into two groups receiving topical ocular azithromycin (15 mg/g) or vehicle. In total, six doses (25 µl) were administered as one dose twice a day for three days before subconjunctival lipopolysaccharide injection (3 mg/ml). Before the rats were euthanized, mucus secretion, conjunctival and palpebral edema and redness were evaluated. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine gene expression for interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. Interleukin-6 was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear factor-kappa B with western blot, and MMP-2 activity with gelatin zymogram. Four eyes per group were processed for histology and subsequent periodic acid-Schiff staining and CD68 for immunofluorescence. The Student t test or the Wilcoxon test for independent samples was applied (SPSS v.15.0).. Azithromycin-treated animals showed a significant reduction in all clinical signs (p<0.05) compared to controls. Interleukin-6 (p<0.05), nuclear factor-kappa B protein expression (p<0.01), and MMP-2 activity (p<0.05) in conjunctival homogenates were significantly reduced compared with the control animals. MMP-2 gene expression showed a tendency to decrease in the azithromycin group (p=0.063). Mucus secretion by goblet cells and the macrophage count in conjunctival tissue were also decreased in the azithromycin group (p<0.05).. These results suggest that azithromycin administration ameliorates induced inflammation effects in a rat model of acute conjunctivitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azithromycin; Conjunctivitis; Cyclooxygenase 2; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; Interleukin-6; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; NF-kappa B; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Topics: Analgesics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Balanitis; Ceftriaxone; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Conjunctivitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Therapy, Combination; Germany; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Male; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Stomatitis

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Conjunctivitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Fever; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mucositis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Cheek; Conjunctivitis; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Eczema; Eyelid Diseases; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Humans; Ophthalmic Solutions

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bartonella henselae; Bartonella Infections; Conjunctivitis; Granuloma; Humans; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; Conjunctivitis; Corneal Ulcer; Dexamethasone; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Drug Combinations; Drug Delivery Systems; Eye Diseases; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Phenytoin; Sclera; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration

Chlamydia conjuctivitis results from infection by chlamydia trachomatis, the commonest treatable sexually transmitted infection in Europe. Its clinical manifestations involve the conjunctiva and the cornea. The inflammation under the upper eyelid may be sufficient to present as ptosis, however previously it has not been documented to cause a preseptal cellulitis. We present such a case. A 15-year-old girl was diagnosed with a left viral conjunctivitis. Five days later, she returned with marked oedema of the left upper and lower lids accompanied by erythema. The tarsal conjunctiva revealed follicles and large papillae and extra ocular movements revealed discomfort on elevation. A secondary diagnosis of bacterial pre septal cellulitis was made and the treatment was changed a broad spectrum oral antibiotic. On review at two days, the patient now complained of a large amount of purulent discharge in association with the marked pre septal swelling. As previous bacteriology and virology had been negative, the patient was re swabbed for chlamydia. This proved positive and her symptoms completely resolved following administration of Azithromycin. In this particular case recognition of the pathogen is important to alert the patient to the likelihood of unknown genital infestation. In all cases of positive culture, the patient should be counselled to attend a genitourinary clinic and to alert any sexual partners to the need to do likewise.

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans

Myiasis is the feeding of fly larvae on vertebrates. The sheep bot fly larva of Oestrus ovis is a mammalian parasite of the skin, nose, ears, and eyes. When the larvae infest and feed on the structures of the eye, the condition is termed ophthalmomyiasis. Most often this infestation is limited to the external structures of the eye and is referred to as ophthalmomyiasis externa. The features of this condition are severe local inflammation, positive foreign body sensation, erythema, and lacrimation. Vision may or may not be reduced, depending on involvement of the cornea. A 20-year-old white male soldier sought treatment for an inflamed eye and an irritated cornea OS. His eyelids were swollen with marked periorbital edema and conjunctival erythema OS. On slitlamp examination, small whitish organisms were viewed on the conjunctiva OS. The organisms were removed, preserved, and sent to Nova Southeastern University where they were identified as O. ovis first-stage larvae. The patient was treated with antibiotic ointment, and the inflammation resolved within 1 week. O. ovis has a worldwide distribution, and although sheep are the preferred host, humans may also serve as an intermediate host in the organism's life cycle. This case represents one of several reports of ophthalmomyiasis in the Middle East caused by O. ovis. U.S. troops stationed in Iraq and surrounding areas are vulnerable to eye infestation by fly larvae, and health care providers need to include this condition in their differential diagnosis of anterior segment inflammatory disorders.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Blepharitis; Conjunctivitis; Diptera; Edema; Erythromycin; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Humans; Iraq; Larva; Male; Military Medicine; Military Personnel; Myiasis; Orbital Diseases