zeaxanthin and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-1

This study was designed to investigate the optical density of macular pigment in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes subjects relative to normal controls.. One hundred and fifty subjects were recruited to the study and divided into one of the three study groups on the basis of their health status, as follows: Group 1: Healthy controls; Group 2: Type 1 diabetes; Group 3: Type 2 diabetes. Macular Pigment Optical Density, at 0.5° of retinal eccentricity, was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Dietary intake of macular carotenoids was quantified using a lutein and zeaxanthin food frequency questionnaire. Diabetes type, duration, medication, smoking habits, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and serum lipid levels were recorded, whereas visual acuity, body mass index, and diabetic retinopathy grade were measured for each participant.. One-way analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant difference in body mass index, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and HbA1C between the three groups (P < 0.01 for all). Chi-square analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in diabetic retinopathy distribution (P < 0.01). None of these variables exhibited a statistically significant correlation with macular pigment optical density for any study group (P > 0.05 for all). There was no difference in dietary carotenoid intake between groups. Macular pigment optical density was lower among Type 2 diabetes subjects (0.33 ± 0.21) compared with Type 1 diabetes (0.49 ± 0.23) and controls (0.48 ± 0.35). General linear model analysis, including age, body mass index, diabetes duration, diabetic retinopathy status, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and HbA1C as covariates, revealed a statistically significant effect of diabetes type on macular pigment optical density (F = 2.62; P = 0.04).. Macular pigment optical density was statistically significantly lower in Type 2 diabetes compared with Type 1 diabetes and normal controls. Although body mass index was higher in the Type 2 diabetes group, the lower macular pigment optical density levels observed among Type 2 diabetes seem not to be attributable to differences in dietary carotenoid intake or to the specific presence of diabetes, diabetic control, duration, or diabetic retinopathy.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lipids; Lutein; Macular Pigment; Male; Middle Aged; Photometry; Visual Acuity; Zeaxanthins

To establish reference ranges for use in clinical and epidemiological studies, we determined concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene in 450 Spanish control subjects and 123 Spanish patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Results were grouped according to sex, and samples were collected throughout the year. Concentrations of retinol were significantly lower and beta-carotene and alpha-carotene were higher in women than in men, both in controls and IDDM subjects, whereas beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations were higher only in control women. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that retinol, beta-carotene, and lycopene were the variables associated with diabetes. In comparison with other populations, our controls showed, in general, ordinary concentrations of retinol, comparatively low beta-carotene and high beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations, and a relatively high alpha-tocopherol/ cholesterol ratio.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antioxidants; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Humans; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Regression Analysis; Sex Factors; Spain; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins