zeaxanthin and Cataract

Cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration are known as major ocular problems which cause blindness among the elderly population worldwide. Oxidative stress plays an important role in both the initiation and progression of ocular problems and with respect to this; dietary antioxidants can serve as a therapeutic strategy for the improvement of ocular health. Zeaxanthin is known as one of the most important and common xanthophyll carotenoids, possessing multiple therapeutic effects such as strong antioxidant and pro-oxidant behaviour as well as anti-inflammatory effects. A growing body of literature shows that zeaxanthin mitigates ocular problems and suppresses oxidative stress in the retinal tissues. This paper aims to critically review the available literature regarding the beneficial effects of zeaxanthin on ocular problems with emphasis on its chemistry, bioavailability, and sources.

Topics: Aging; Biological Availability; Cataract; Diet; Glaucoma; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Oxidative Stress; Retina; Zeaxanthins

Lutein and zeaxanthin are thought to have beneficial effects on protecting the lens against cataract formation, but findings from epidemiologic studies have been inconsistent. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to examine the association between dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake and risk of age-related cataract (ARC).. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases up to March 2013. Reference lists from retrieved articles were also reviewed. The adjusted relative risks (RRs) from each study were extracted to calculate a pooled estimate with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). The dose-response relationships were assessed by using generalized least-squares trend estimation.. Six prospective cohort studies were identified involving 4,416 cases and 41,999 participants. For the comparison between the highest and the lowest categories of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake, significant inverse association were found for nuclear cataract (RR: 0.75; 95 % CI: 0.65, 0.85), but not for cortical cataract (RR: 0.85; 95 % CI: 0.53, 1.17) and for posterior subcapsular cataract (RR: 0.77; 95 % CI: 0.40, 1.13). Dose-response analysis showed that every 300 μg/d increment in dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake was associated with a 3 %, 1 %, or 3 % reduction in the risk of nuclear cataract (RR: 0.97; 95 % CI: 0.94, 0.99), cortical cataract (RR: 0.99; 95 % CI: 0.95, 1.02), or posterior subcapsular cataract (RR: 0.97; 95 % CI: 0.93, 1.01) respectively.. Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake is associated with a reduced risk of ARC, especially nuclear cataract in a dose-response manner, indicating a beneficial effect of lutein and zeaxanthin in ARC prevention.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cataract; Cohort Studies; Databases, Factual; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between blood lutein and zeaxanthin concentration and the risk of age-related cataract (ARC). MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI and Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant studies up to April 2013. Meta-analysis was conducted to obtain pooled relative risks (RRs) for the highest-versus-lowest categories of blood lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations. One cohort study and seven cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analysis. There were significant inverse associations between nuclear cataract and blood lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations, with the pooled RRs ranging from 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 0.77) for zeaxanthin to 0.73 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.87) for lutein. A stronger association between nuclear cataract and blood zeaxanthin might be noted for the studies conducted in the European Nations. Blood lutein and zeaxanthin were also noted to lead towards a decrease in the risk of cortical cataract and subcapsular cataract; however, these pooled RRs were not statistically significant, with the exception of a marginal association between lutein and subcapsular cataract. Our results suggest that high blood lutein and zeaxanthin are significantly associated with a decrease in the risk of nuclear cataract. However, no significant associations were found for ARC in other regions of the lens.

Topics: Cataract; Humans; Lutein; Nutritional Status; Observational Studies as Topic; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The eye is a major sensory organ that requires special care for a healthy and productive lifestyle. Numerous studies have identified lutein and zeaxanthin to be essential components for eye health. Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoid pigments that impart yellow or orange color to various common foods such as cantaloupe, pasta, corn, carrots, orange/yellow peppers, fish, salmon and eggs. Their role in human health, in particular the health of the eye, is well established from epidemiological, clinical and interventional studies. They constitute the main pigments found in the yellow spot of the human retina which protect the macula from damage by blue light, improve visual acuity and scavenge harmful reactive oxygen species. They have also been linked with reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. Research over the past decade has focused on the development of carotenoid-rich foods to boost their intake especially in the elderly population. The aim of this article is to review recent scientific evidences supporting the benefits of lutein and zexanthin in preventing the onset of two major age-related eye diseases with diets rich in these carotenoids. The review also lists major dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin and refers to newly developed foods, daily intake, bioavailability and physiological effects in relation to eye health. Examples of the newly developed high-lutein functional foods are also underlined.

Topics: Cataract; Diet; Eye; Functional Food; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Nutritional Status; Nutritive Value; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The lens and retina of the human eye are exposed constantly to light and oxygen. In situ phototransduction and oxidative phosphorylation within photoreceptors produces a high level of phototoxic and oxidative related stress. Within the eye, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are present in high concentrations in contrast to other human tissues. We discuss the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in ameliorating light and oxygen damage, and preventing age-related cellular and tissue deterioration in the eye. Epidemiologic research shows an inverse association between levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in eye tissues and age related degenerative diseases such as macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. We examine the role of these carotenoids as blockers of blue-light damage and quenchers of oxygen free radicals. This article provides a review of possible mechanisms of lutein action at a cellular and molecular level. Our review offers insight into current clinical trials and experimental animal studies involving lutein, and possible role of nutritional intervention in common ocular diseases that cause blindness.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Cataract; Eye Diseases; Humans; Light; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Observational studies have been inconsistent regarding the association between blood antioxidants or vitamins and risk of age-related cataract.. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether an association exists between blood levels of antioxidants or vitamins and age-related cataract in observational studies.. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science for relevant studies from inception to October 2012. Study-specific risk estimates were combined by using a random-effects model.. A total of 13 studies with 18,999 participants were involved in this meta-analysis. A pooled estimate showed vitamin E (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.96), α-carotene (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.88), lutein (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.87), and zeaxanthin (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.82) were inversely associated with age-related cataract. Vitamins A (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.83) and C (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.78) were inversely associated with age-related cataract in Asian populations but not in Western populations. β-Carotene (OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.78, 1.05), lycopene (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.15), and β-cryptoxanthin (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.02) had no significant association with risk of cataract.. This meta-analysis provides additional evidence supporting the view that blood levels of certain antioxidants are inversely associated with risk of age-related cataract. However, the role of antioxidant or vitamin supplement intake in preventing cataract should be further investigated in interventional studies.

Topics: Antioxidants; Asian People; Carotenoids; Cataract; Humans; Lutein; Risk Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamins; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

A growing body of evidence has established a link between lutein and zeaxanthin,higher levels of MPOD, increased visual performance, and decreased risk for AMD and other age-related eye diseases.A number of findings suggest that MPOD measurement may be a reliable tool to identify individuals at risk for or experiencing early-stage AMD. Devices are commercially available to measure MPOD and new objective technologies are emerging.

Topics: Antioxidants; Cataract; Health Status; Humans; Lutein; Macula Lutea; Macular Degeneration; Retinal Pigments; Vision, Ocular; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are common causes of blindness in the elderly population of the United States. Additional risk factors include obesity, smoking, and inadequate antioxidant status. Phytochemicals, as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, may help prevent or delay the progression of these eye diseases. Observational and clinical trials support the safety of higher intakes of the phytochemicals lutein and zeaxanthin and their association with reducing risks of cataracts in healthy postmenopausal women and improving clinical features of AMD in patients. Additional phytochemicals of emerging interest, like green tea catechins, anthocyanins, resveratrol, and Ginkgo biloba, shown to ameliorate ocular oxidative stress, deserve more attention in future clinical trials.

Topics: Aged; Aging; Antioxidants; Cataract; Eye Diseases; Flavonoids; Glaucoma; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Middle Aged; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Oxidative Stress; Phytotherapy; Plants, Edible; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The possibility that the macular carotenoids, lutein (L), and zeaxanthin (Z), could retard age-related changes in the eye and prevent the eye diseases that result from such changes (namely, cataract and macular degeneration) has been carefully studied. A role for the carotenoids very early in life, however, has received far less attention. Nevertheless, an influence on visual development is likely. Retinal L and Z, for instance, would influence the development of the visual system if they 1) altered input during a critical/sensitive period of visual development and/or 2) influenced maturation and/or 3) protected the retina during a period when it was particularly vulnerable. The available evidence indicates that the pigments may play a role in all three of these areas.

Topics: Cataract; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Vision, Ocular; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The labeling of health claims that meet the significant scientific agreement standard and of qualified health claims on conventional foods and dietary supplements requires premarket approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA conducts an evidence-based review to ascertain whether sufficient evidence exists to support a significant scientific agreement standard or a qualified health claim. The FDA recently reviewed intervention and observational studies that evaluated the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. On the basis of this evidence-based review, the FDA concluded that no credible evidence exists for a health claim about the intake of lutein or zeaxanthin (or both) and the risk of age-related macular degeneration or cataracts.

Topics: Aging; Cataract; Evidence-Based Medicine; Food Labeling; Food, Organic; Humans; Legislation, Food; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Risk Factors; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids found particularly in dark-green leafy vegetables and in egg yolks. They are widely distributed in tissues and are the principal carotenoids in the eye lens and macular region of the retina. Epidemiologic studies indicating an inverse relationship between xanthophyll intake or status and both cataract and age-related macular degeneration suggest these compounds can play a protective role in the eye. Some observational studies have also shown these xanthophylls may help reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly those of the breast and lung. Emerging studies suggest as well a potential contribution of lutein and zeaxanthin to the prevention of heart disease and stroke. Even as the evidence for a role of lutein and zeaxanthin in disease prevention continues to evolve, particularly from human studies directed to their bioavailability, metabolism, and dose-response relationships with intermediary biomarkers and clinical outcomes, it is worth noting that recommendations to consume foods rich in xanthophylls are consistent with current dietary guidelines.

Topics: Aging; Anticarcinogenic Agents; beta Carotene; Cataract; Coronary Disease; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Neoplasms; Primary Prevention; Stroke; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The macular region of the primate retina is yellow in color due to the presence of the macular pigment, composed of two dietary xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin, and another xanthophyll, meso-zeaxanthin. The latter is presumably formed from either lutein or zeaxanthin in the retina. By absorbing blue-light, the macular pigment protects the underlying photoreceptor cell layer from light damage, possibly initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species during a photosensitized reaction. There is ample epidemiological evidence that the amount of macular pigment is inversely associated with the incidence of age-related macular degeneration, an irreversible process that is the major cause of blindness in the elderly. The macular pigment can be increased in primates by either increasing the intake of foods that are rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, such as dark-green leafy vegetables, or by supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin. Although increasing the intake of lutein or zeaxanthin might prove to be protective against the development of age-related macular degeneration, a causative relationship has yet to be experimentally demonstrated.

Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Antioxidants; beta Carotene; Cataract; Humans; Lutein; Macula Lutea; Macular Degeneration; Retina; Retinal Pigments; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Lutein is one of the most widely found carotenoids distributed in fruits and vegetables frequently consumed. Its presence in human tissues is entirely of dietary origin. Distribution of lutein among tissues is similar to other carotenoids but, along with zeaxanthin, they are found selectively at the centre of the retina, being usually referred to as macular pigments. Lutein has no provitamin A activity in man but it displays biological activities that have attracted great attention in relation to human health. Epidemiological studies have shown inconsistent associations between high intake or serum levels of lutein and lower risk for developing cardiovascular disease, several types of cancer, cataracts and age-related maculopathy. Also, lutein supplementation has provided both null and positive results on different biomarkers of oxidative stress although it is effective in increasing macular pigment concentration and in improving visual function in some, but not all, subjects with different eye pathologies. Overall, data suggest that whereas serum levels of lutein have, at present, no predictive, diagnostic or prognostic value in clinical practice, its determination may be very helpful in assessing compliance and efficacy of intervention as well as potential toxicity. In addition, available evidence suggests that a serum lutein concentration between 0.6 and 1.05 micromol/l seems to be a safe, dietary achievable and desirable target potentially associated with beneficial impact on visual function and, possibly, on the development of other chronic diseases. The use of lutein as a biomarker of exposure in clinical practice may provide some rationale for assessing its relationship with human health as well as its potential use within the context of evidence-based medicine.

Topics: beta Carotene; Biological Availability; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cataract; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fruit; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Neoplasms; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Retina; Vegetables; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Recent evidence introduces the possibility that lutein and zeaxanthin may protect against the development of the two common eye diseases of aging, cataract and macular degeneration. This potential and the lack of other effective means to slow the progression of macular degeneration have fueled high public interest in the health benefits of lutein and zeaxanthin and the proliferation of supplements containing them on pharmacy shelves. An understanding of the biologic consequences of limiting or supplementing with these carotenoids is only beginning to emerge. Some epidemiologic evidence supports a role in eye disease and, to a lesser extent, cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, the overall body of evidence is insufficient to conclude that increasing levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, specifically, will confer an important health benefit. Future advances in scientific research are required to gain a better understanding of the biologic mechanisms of their possible role in preventing disease. Additional research is also required to understand the effect of their consumption, independent of other nutrients in fruits and vegetables, on human health. The newly advanced ability to measure levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in the retina in vivo creates a unique opportunity to contribute some of this needed evidence.

Topics: Aging; beta Carotene; Cataract; Chronic Disease; Fruit; Heart Diseases; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Neoplasms; Stroke; Tissue Distribution; Vegetables; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The carotenoid xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin, accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in the macula are greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations.

Topics: Age Factors; Antioxidants; beta Carotene; Cataract; Eggs; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Retina; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Disease Progression; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Propensity Score; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; United States; Zeaxanthins

To evaluate whether dietary intake of luteiin/zeaxanthin and B vitamins is associated with cataract prevalence and incidence.. Clinic-based, baseline cross-sectional and prospective cohort study designs.. Three thousand one hundred fifteen patients (6129 eyes) enrolled in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 55 to 80 years of age followed up for mean of 9.6 years.. Participants completed baseline food frequency questionnaires. Baseline and annual lens photographs were graded centrally. Multivariate models controlling for previously identified risk factors for cataracts tested for the association of cataracts with reported dietary intake, using the lowest quintile as reference.. Cataract surgery, cataract status (type and severity) at baseline, and development of cataracts.. At baseline, increased dietary riboflavin and B12 were associated inversely with nuclear and cortical lens opacities. In comparisons of persons with and without cataract, persons with the highest riboflavin intake versus those with the lowest intake had the following associations: mild nuclear cataract: odds ratio (OR), 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.63-0.97; moderate nuclear cataract: OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.90; and mild cortical cataract: OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65-0.99. For B12, the results were: mild nuclear cataract: OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63-0.96; moderate nuclear cataract: OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.88; and mild cortical cataract: OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63-0.95. Highest dietary B6 intake was associated with a decreased risk of moderate nuclear lens opacity developing compared with the lowest quintile (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.45-0.99). Highest dietary intake levels of niacin and B12 were associated with a decreased risk of development of mild nuclear or mild cortical cataracts in participants not taking Centrum (Pfizer, New York, NY) multivitamins. For participants taking multivitamins during the study, the highest intake of dietary folate was associated with an increased risk of mild posterior subcapsular lens opacity development. No statistically significant associations were found between lutein plus zeaxanthin intake and presence at baseline or development of nuclear or cortical lens opacity outcomes.. These findings are consistent with earlier studies suggesting that dietary intake of B vitamins may affect the occurrence of age-related lens opacities. Further investigations are warranted.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet Surveys; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Vitamin B Complex; Zeaxanthins

To evaluate visual acuity outcomes after cataract surgery in persons with varying degrees of severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).. Cohort study.. A total of 1232 eyes of 793 participants who underwent cataract surgery during the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2, a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of nutritional supplements for treatment of AMD.. Preoperative and postoperative characteristics of participants who underwent cataract extraction during the 5-year trial were analyzed. Both clinical data and standardized red-reflex lens and fundus photographs were obtained at baseline and annually. Photographs were graded by a centralized reading center for cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities and for AMD severity. Cataract surgery was documented at annual study visits or by history during the 6-month telephone calls. Analyses were conducted using multivariate repeated-measures regression.. Change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after cataract surgery compared with preoperative BCVA.. Adjusting for age at time of surgery, gender, interval between preoperative and postoperative visits, and type and severity of cataract, the mean changes in visual acuity were as follows: eyes with mild AMD (n = 30) gained 11.2 letters (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.9-15.5), eyes with moderate AMD (n = 346) gained 11.1 letters (95% CI, 9.1-13.2), eyes with severe AMD (n = 462) gained 8.7 letters (95% CI, 6.7-10.7), eyes with noncentral geographic atrophy (n = 70) gained 8.9 letters (95% CI, 5.8-12.1), and eyes with advanced AMD (central geographic atrophy, neovascular disease, or both; n = 324) gained 6.8 letters (95% CI, 4.9-8.8). The visual acuity gain across all AMD severity groups was statistically significant from preoperative values (P < 0.0001).. Mean visual acuities improved significantly after cataract surgery across varying degrees of AMD severity.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cataract; Cohort Studies; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Phacoemulsification; Prospective Studies; Pseudophakia; Severity of Illness Index; Visual Acuity; Vitamins; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Age-related cataract is a leading cause of visual impairment in the United States. The prevalence of age-related cataract is increasing, with an estimated 30.1 million Americans likely to be affected by 2020.. To determine whether daily oral supplementation with lutein/zeaxanthin affects the risk for cataract surgery.. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), a multicenter, double-masked clinical trial, enrolled 4203 participants, aged 50 to 85 years, at risk for progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration.. Participants were randomly assigned to daily placebo; lutein/zeaxanthin, 10mg/2mg; omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, 1 g; or a combination to evaluate the effects on the primary outcome of progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration.. Cataract surgery was documented at annual study examination with the presence of pseudophakia or aphakia, or reported during telephone calls at 6-month intervals between study visits. Annual best-corrected visual acuity testing was performed. A secondary outcome of AREDS2 was to evaluate the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on the subsequent need for cataract surgery.. A total of 3159 AREDS2 participants were phakic in at least 1 eye and 1389 of 6027 study eyes underwent cataract surgery during the study, with median follow-up of 4.7 years. The 5-year probability of progression to cataract surgery in the no lutein/zeaxanthin group was 24%. For lutein/zeaxanthin vs no lutein/zeaxanthin, the hazard ratios for progression to cataract surgery was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.84-1.10; P = .54). For participants in the lowest quintile of dietary intake of lutein/zeaxanthin, the hazard ratio comparing lutein/zeaxanthin vs no lutein/zeaxanthin for progression to cataract surgery was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.48-0.96; P = .03). The hazard ratio for 3 or more lines of vision loss was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.93-1.13; P = .61 for lutein/zeaxanthin vs no lutein/zeaxanthin).. Daily supplementation with lutein/zeaxanthin had no statistically significant overall effect on rates of cataract surgery or vision loss.. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00345176.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Dietary Supplements; Disease Progression; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Lutein; Male; Vision Disorders; Visual Acuity; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Measurements of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) by the autofluorescence technique yield underestimations of actual values in eyes with cataract. We applied deep learning (DL) to correct this error.. MPOD was measured by SPECTRALIS (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) in 197 eyes before and after cataract surgery. The nominal MPOD values (= preoperative value) were corrected by three methods: the regression equation (RE) method, subjective classification (SC) method (described in our previous study), and DL method. The errors between the corrected and true values (= postoperative value) were calculated for local MPODs at 0.25°, 0.5°, 1°, and 2° eccentricities and macular pigment optical volume (MPOV) within 9° eccentricity.. The mean error for MPODs at four eccentricities was 32% without any correction, 15% with correction by RE, 16% with correction by SC, and 14% with correction by DL. The mean error for MPOV was 21% without correction and 14%, 10%, and 10%, respectively, with correction by the same methods. The errors with any correction were significantly lower than those without correction (P < 0.001, linear mixed model with Tukey's test). The errors with DL correction were significantly lower than those with RE correction in MPOD at 1° eccentricity and MPOV (P < 0.001) and were equivalent to those with SC correction.. The objective method using DL was useful to correct MPOD values measured in aged people.. MPOD can be obtained with small errors in eyes with cataract using DL.

Topics: Aged; Cataract; Deep Learning; Germany; Humans; Lutein; Macular Pigment; Zeaxanthins

Cataract surgery has been reported as a long-term risk of reduced macular pigment optical density (MPOD). This study investigated changes in MPOD in pseudophakic patients after lutein supplementation.. Fifty-seven patients who had no ocular diseases and underwent cataract surgery with concurrent implantation of clear intraocular lenses were included. MPOD was measured before lutein supplementation and every week during 6 weeks of supplementation. Two additional measurements were conducted after the end of supplementation.. Compared with baseline, MPOD was increased after 1 week of supplementation (p < 0.01) and remained elevated after cessation of supplementation. After 3 weeks of supplementation, MPOD in females was higher than that in males (p < 0.05). Compared with patients at the highest quintile baseline MPOD, patients of both genders at the lowest quintile had significant increases after 6 weeks of supplementation (p < 0.05).. MPOD increased after lutein supplementation in patients who had undergone cataract surgery. With the same amount of lutein supplementation, MPOD increased more in patients with low MPOD at baseline; it also increased more in females than in males. Lutein supplementation is presumed to support increased MPOD, which can reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration, especially in females with low MPOD.

Topics: Cataract; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Lutein; Macular Pigment; Male; Zeaxanthins

To evaluate the influence of cataracts on measuring macular pigment optical density (MPOD) using a dual-wavelength confocal scanning autofluorescence imaging technique and to establish methods to compensate for the influence of cataracts.. This prospective case series comprised 100 eyes that underwent cataract surgery. Cataracts were graded based on the World Health Organization classification. MPOD levels were measured with the MPOD module of the Spectralis MultiColor instrument (Spectralis-MP), pre- and postoperatively. We investigated the relationship between change in MPOD values and age, cataract grade, and quality of autofluorescence images. Local MPOD levels were evaluated for four strategically chosen eccentricities within the macular region, and the total MPOD volume was evaluated within 8.98° eccentricity from the center.. MPOD levels could be obtained in 67 eyes before surgery. Local and volume MPOD levels were higher postoperatively relative to preoperatively in all eyes. The mean ratio of local MPOD levels after and before surgery (correction factor, CF) ranged from 1.42 to 1.77, with larger CFs required for eccentricities closer to the foveal center. The CF for the MPOD volume was 1.31. Age, grade of nuclear cataract (NUC), posterior subcapsular opacity, and image quality index (IQI) significantly contributed to CFs. For example, regression equation for CF at 0.23° = 0.17 + 0.16 × IQI + 0.29 × NUC grade + 0.01 × age (P < 0.001).. Cataracts affected MPOD measurements with the Spectralis-MP, but corrected MPOD results could be obtained via regression equations.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Densitometry; Female; Humans; Lutein; Macula Lutea; Macular Pigment; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Middle Aged; Optical Imaging; Prospective Studies; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Zeaxanthins

To measure the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values in a healthy Chinese population using the one-wavelength reflectometry method and to investigate the relationships of MPOD with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking and lens opacities.. A total of 441 healthy participants, aged 3-81 years old (242 male and 199 female subjects), were enrolled in this study. Demographic and lifestyle data were recorded based on physical examinations and questionnaires. Lens opacities were measured according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). MPOD values were measured at 7° of eccentricity, using the one-wavelength reflectometry method (Visucam 200; Carl Zeiss Meditec). MPOD values were reported in parameters including 'max' and 'mean' optical density (OD). The original MPOD values without automated correction were used for analysis.. The average values were 0.303 ± 0.097 d.u. (initials of density units) for the max OD and 0.109 ± 0.031 d.u. for the mean OD. A significant inverse relationship was found between age and MPOD (for max OD, β = -0.716, p < 0.001; for mean OD, β = -0.669, p < 0.001). Participants with no lens opacities had higher MPOD values than those with moderate lens opacities (p < 0.001). The MPOD values were not associated with sex, BMI or smoking status.. MPOD within 7° of eccentricity, as measured by one-wavelength reflectometry, was found to decrease with increasing age in a healthy Chinese population, and lens opacities had an impact on these measurements. These results provide a reference value for future studies in the Chinese population.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Asian People; Body Mass Index; Cataract; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Densitometry; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lutein; Macular Pigment; Male; Middle Aged; Retina; Surveys and Questionnaires; Zeaxanthins

The main objective of the present study was the investigation of possible influence of lens opacification on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements.. Eighty-six eyes of 64 patients (mean age 73.4 ± 8.3 years) were included in the study. MPOD was prospectively measured using the one-wavelength reflection method (Visucam500, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before and after cataract extraction, with implantation of a blue-light filtering intraocular lens (AlconSN60WF). The median of the maximum optical density (MaxOD) and the median of the mean optical density (MeanOD) measurements of macular pigment across the subject group were evaluated.. Statistically significant differences were noticed between pre-operative and post-operative measurements, the absolute values were generally lower after cataract extraction. The following median (lower/upper quartile) differences across the group were determined: MaxOD -33.8 % (-46.2 to -19.1 %), MeanOD -44.0 % (-54.6 to -26.6 %). Larger changes were observed in elderly patients [<70 years of age (n = 25 eyes): MaxOD -13.4 % (-20.5 to 3.6 %), MeanOD -23.6 % (-30.5 to -15.3 %) versus patients ≥70 years (n = 61 eyes) MaxOD -40.5 % (-53.2 to -30.1 %), MeanOD -47.2 % (-57.8 to -40.1 %)] and in patients with progressed stage of cataract. MaxOD for lens opacification grade 1 (n = 9 eyes): -27.4 % (-42.1 to -19.6 %), grade 2 (n = 26 eyes): -35.0 % (-44.2 to -25.3 %), grade 3 (n = 21 eyes): -34.4 % (-45.4 to -11.4 %), grade 4 (n = 25 eyes): -32.6 % (-53.2 to -6.4 %), and grade 5 (n = 5 eyes): -53.5 % (-61.7 to -38.7 %) and MeanOD for cataract stage 1 (n = 9 eyes): -42.6 % (-46.0 to -26.0 %), stage 2 (n = 26 eyes): -44.1 % (-51.8 to -26.2 %), stage 3 (n = 21 eyes): -45.7 % (-54.7 to -24.7 %), stage 4 (n = 25 eyes): -39.5 % (-59.4 to -26.1 %), and stage 5 (n = 5 eyes): -57.0 % (-66.1 to -51.4 %).. As established by comparison of pre- to post-operative measurements, cataract presented a strong effect on MPOD measured by one-wavelength reflection method. Particular care should therefore be taken when evaluating MPOD using this method in elderly patients with progressed stage of cataract. Future optimization of correcting parameters of scattered light and consideration of cataract influence may allow more precise evaluation of MPOD.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cataract; Densitometry; Female; Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Lutein; Macula Lutea; Macular Pigment; Male; Middle Aged; Phacoemulsification; Photometry; Prospective Studies; Zeaxanthins

Oxidative stress plays an important role in cataractogenesis. Previous studies have shown that long-term dietary intake of antioxidants (lutein and zeaxanthin) may decrease the risk of age-related cataracts. The aim of the present study was to examine whether plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin are related to age-related nuclear cataract in the elderly population. Subjects were participants in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study and they were classified into tertiles according to plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin. The association of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations with age-related nuclear cataract in 1689 elderly subjects (aged 61-80 years) was investigated in the present cross-sectional study by using the Cox proportional hazards model. A total of 113 cases of incident age-related cataracts were confirmed, of which 108 cases were nuclear cataracts. After adjustment for age, examination year, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, years of education, use of oral corticosteroids, history of diabetes and history of hypertension with current use of antihypertensive medication, subjects in the highest tertiles of plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin had 42 and 41 % lower risks of nuclear cataract, respectively, compared with those in the lowest tertiles (relative risk (RR) = 0·58, 95 % CI 0·35, 0·98; P = 0·041 for lutein and RR = 0·59, 95 % CI 0·35, 0·99; P = 0·046 for zeaxanthin). In conclusion, we suggest that high plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin were associated with a decreased risk of age-related nuclear cataract in the elderly population.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cataract; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Finland; Humans; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To assess the effect of cataract on the evaluation of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in aged patients.. MPOD was prospectively measured using autofluorescence spectrometry before and after cataract surgery. The Lens Opacities Classification System III was used to grade the cataracts at baseline.. Forty-five eyes of 41 subjects, who had no ocular disorders or fundus autofluorescence abnormalities except for age-related nuclear cataract, were included. Preoperative MPOD was 0.350 ± 0.117 density unit (DU). Regression analysis showed that a higher nuclear color score correlated with lower MPOD (t = -2.90, P = 0.0063). The preoperative MPOD prediction formula was MPOD = 0.545 - 0.069 × nuclear color score. A higher nuclear color score correlated significantly with failure to measure the MPOD (χ(2) = 5.08, P = 0.0242). The mean postoperative MPOD was 0.600 DU (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.562-0.637), which was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than the preoperative level of 0.350 DU (95% CI, 0.313-0.388). Regression analysis showed that higher preoperative MPOD correlated with higher postoperative MPOD (t = 2.91, P = 0.0061).. Cataract, especially its nuclear component, affects MPOD measured by autofluorescence spectrometry. Care should be taken when using this method in eyes with age-related macular maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration and in older patients who may develop these diseases.

Topics: Aged; Aging; beta Carotene; Cataract; Female; Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Lutein; Macula Lutea; Male; Phacoemulsification; Prospective Studies; Retinal Pigments; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Cataract extraction is the most common surgical procedure in developed countries. Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), retinal carotenoids, are the most powerful retinal anti-oxidants and absorb the harmful blue light. The depletion of L+Z induces the development of the lens opacification-cataract. Cataract reduces the retinal oxidative stress (OS), which causes a reduction of the probability to develop AMD. Oxidative Stress at the retinal level is the common pathway in the development of AMD and cataract. AMD and cataract are not two independent processes. Cataract is a self-defense reaction of the retina to reduce OS and retinal damage. Restoring the anti-oxidative capabilities of the retina by increasing intake of L+Z reduces the likelihood of AMD and cataract. Extracting the opaque lens elevates the retinal OS and increases the rate of AMD.

Topics: Aged; Antioxidants; Carotenoids; Cataract; Coagulants; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Light; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Oxidative Stress; Retina; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To examine the association between vitamin C and cataract in the Indian setting.. Population-based cross-sectional analytic study.. A total of 5638 people aged ≥60 years.. Enumeration of randomly sampled villages in 2 areas of north and south India to identify people aged ≥60 years. Participants were interviewed for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors (tobacco, alcohol, household cooking fuel, work, and diet); attended a clinical examination, including lens photography; and provided a blood sample for antioxidant analysis. Plasma vitamin C was measured using an enzyme-based assay in plasma stabilized with metaphosphoric acid, and other antioxidants were measured by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.. Cataract and type of cataract were graded from digital lens images using the Lens Opacity Classification System III (LOCS III), and cataract was classified from the grade in the worse eye of ≥4 for nuclear cataract, ≥3 for cortical cataract, and ≥2 for posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). Any cataract was defined as any unoperated or operated cataract.. Of 7518 enumerated people, 5638 (75%) provided data on vitamin C, antioxidants, and potential confounders. Vitamin C was inversely associated with cataract (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for highest to lowest quartile = 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.51-0.74; P=1.1×10(-6)). Inclusion of other antioxidants in the model (lutein, zeaxanthin, retinol, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol) made only a small attenuation to the result (OR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.57-0.82; P < 0.0001). Similar results were seen with vitamin C by type of cataract: nuclear cataract (adjusted OR 0.66; CI, 0.54-0.80; P < 0.0001), cortical cataract (adjusted OR 0.70; CI, 0.54-0.90; P < 0.002), and PSC (adjusted OR 0.58; CI, 0.45-0.74; P < 0.00003). Lutein, zeaxanthin, and retinol were significantly inversely associated with cataract, but the associations were weaker and not consistently observed by type of cataract. Inverse associations were also observed for dietary vitamin C and cataract.. We found a strong association with vitamin C and cataract in a vitamin C-depleted population.. The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Topics: Aged; alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; beta Carotene; Cataract; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; India; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Epidemiological studies suggest that dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin is inversely related to the risk for senile cataract. The objectives of this work were to investigate the mechanisms by which these nutrients provide anti-cataract effects. We evaluated their modulation of oxidative damage in human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) and their interaction with intracellular glutathione (GSH).. Subconfluent HLEC were pre-incubated with or without 5 µM lutein, zeaxanthin, or α-tocopherol for 48 h and then exposed to 100 µM H(2)O(2) for 1 h. Levels of protein carbonyls in the cells were measured by western-blotting analysis following reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured by an HPLC system. DNA damage was assessed using comet assays. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay.. In the absence of H(2)O(2), HLEC had very low levels of protein carbonyl and MDA. Supplementation with lutein, zeaxanthin, or α-tocopherol to the unstressed HLEC had no detectable effects on levels of oxidized proteins and lipid in the cells. Exposure of HLEC to H(2)O(2) significantly increased levels of oxidized proteins, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. Pre-incubation with lutein, zeaxanthin, or α-tocopherol dramatically reduced the levels of H(2)O(2) -induced protein carbonyl, MDA, and DNA damage in HLEC. The protective effects of lutein, zeaxanthin, and α-tocopherol against protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage were comparable. Supplementation with lutein, zeaxanthin, or α-tocopherol increased GSH levels and GSH:GSSG ratio, particularly in response to oxidative stress. Depletion of GSH resulted in significant increase in susceptibility to H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. Supplementation with α-tocopherol, but not lutein or zeaxanthin, can partially restore the resistance of GSH-depleted cells to H(2)O(2).. These data indicate that lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation protects lens protein, lipid, and DNA from oxidative damage and improves intracellular redox status upon oxidative stress. The protective effects are comparable to that of α-tocopherol, except that lutein and zeaxanthin cannot compensate for GSH depletion. The data imply that sufficient intake of lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk for senile cataract via protecting the lens from oxidative damage.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Blotting, Western; Cataract; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Comet Assay; Dietary Supplements; DNA Damage; Epithelial Cells; Glutathione; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lens, Crystalline; Lipid Peroxidation; Lutein; Malondialdehyde; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Protein Carbonylation; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Topics: Antioxidants; Cataract; Diet; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Lutein; Vitamins; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions, recommendations, and educational or informational materials of licensed Wisconsin optometrists on lutein and zeaxanthin and eye health.. A 20-item original survey with letter of consent was mailed to 300 randomly chosen licensed optometrists followed by a reminder postcard 11 days later. A reminder to complete the survey was published in the Wisconsin Optometric Association newsletter. A total of 127 (42.3%) returned surveys were usable. The survey variables were coded, and data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).. Most respondents felt moderately to very informed about the relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin and eye health. Most participants thought the information on lutein and zeaxanthin and eye health was adequate to make recommendations to patients. Most respondents recommended a lutein or zeaxanthin supplement, spinach or other foods rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, a zinc supplement, and a multi-vitamin/mineral supplement to patients with, or at risk of, age-related macular degeneration. About half of respondents who distributed educational or informational materials had materials on lutein and zeaxanthin.. Optometrists felt informed about lutein and zeaxanthin and eye health and recommended spinach or antioxidant supplements for age-related macular degeneration.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antioxidants; Cataract; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Surveys; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Optometry; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Surveys and Questionnaires; Wisconsin; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carotenoids; Cataract; Diet Surveys; Double-Blind Method; Feeding Behavior; Health Personnel; Humans; Incidence; Lutein; Nutrition Assessment; Risk Assessment; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Vitamin E; Women's Health; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To examine in prospective data the relation between dietary intake of carotenoids and vitamins C and E and the risk of cataract in women.. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline in 39,876 female health professionals by using a detailed food frequency questionnaire. A total of 35,551 women provided detailed information on antioxidant nutrient intake from food and supplements and were free of a diagnosis of cataract. The main outcome measure was cataract, defined as an incident, age-related lens opacity responsible for a reduction in best-corrected visual acuity in the worse eye to 20/30 or worse based on self-report confirmed by medical record review.. A total of 2031 cases of incident cataract were confirmed during a mean of 10 years of follow-up. Comparing women in the extreme quintiles, the multivariate relative risk of cataract was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.95; test for trend, P = .04) for lutein/zeaxanthin and 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.00; test for trend, P = .03) for vitamin E from food and supplements.. In these prospective observational data from a large cohort of female health professionals, higher dietary intakes of lutein/zeaxanthin and vitamin E from food and supplements were associated with significantly decreased risks of cataract.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carotenoids; Cataract; Diet Surveys; Double-Blind Method; Feeding Behavior; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Incidence; Lutein; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Vitamin E; Women's Health; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To evaluate associations between nuclear cataract (determined from slitlamp photographs between May 2001 and January 2004) and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in patients between 1994 and 1998 and macula between 2001 and 2004.. A total of 1802 women aged 50 to 79 years in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Oregon with intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin above the 78th (high) and below the 28th (low) percentiles in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (1994-1998) were recruited 4 to 7 years later (2001-2004) into the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study.. Women in the group with high dietary levels of lutein and zeaxanthin had a 23% lower prevalence of nuclear cataract (age-adjusted odds ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.96) compared with those with low levels. Multivariable adjustment slightly attenuated the association (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-1.01). Women in the highest quintile category of diet or serum levels of lutein and zeaxanthin as compared with those in the lowest quintile category were 32% less likely to have nuclear cataract (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.97; P for trend = .04; and multivariable-adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.98; P for trend = .01, respectively). Cross-sectional associations with macular pigment density were inverse but not statistically significant.. Diets rich in lutein and zeaxanthin are moderately associated with decreased prevalence of nuclear cataract in older women. However, other protective aspects of such diets may in part explain these relationships.

Topics: Aged; Aging; Cataract; Diet; Female; Humans; Lens Nucleus, Crystalline; Lutein; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Retinal Pigments; Risk Factors; Women's Health; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are proposed to protect ocular tissues from free-radical damage that can cause cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). They accumulate selectively in the lens and macular region of the retina. Changes in the retinal pigment epithelium are characteristic in AMD. Efficient uptake is essential to study the intracellular effects of carotenoids in cell cultures. For in vitro experiments carotenoids are often dissolved in organic solvents like tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and n-hexane, but difficulties have been associated with these application methods. Recently, O'Sullivan et al. (SM O'Sullivan et al., Br J Nutr 91 (2004) 757) developed a method whereby carotenoids could be delivered to cultured cells without the cytotoxic side effects often observed when organic solvents are used. We modified this method and investigated the effects of different carotenoid-formulations (ethanol/Tween40, methanol/tween40 and acetone/Tween40) on the uptake of lutein and zeaxanthin by differentiated ARPE-19 cells, cell viability and the expression of the "stress" gene HO-1, which is easily induced by a range of stimuli including chemical and physical agents. Micelle formulations prepared with ethanol/Tween40 resulted in the lowest LDH release, the highest carotenoid uptake and the lowest stress response (changes in HO-1 mRNA expression).

Topics: Cataract; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Delivery Systems; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Micelles; Polysorbates; Retina; Solubility; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Topics: beta Carotene; Cataract; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To assess the associations of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and other carotenoids with the risk of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and cataract in the population-based Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age (POLA) Study.. Retinal photographs were graded according to the international classification. ARM was defined by the presence of late ARM (neovascular ARM, geographic atrophy) and/or soft indistinct drusen (>125 microm) and/or soft distinct drusen (>125 microm) associated with pigmentary abnormalities. Cataract classification was based on a direct standardized lens examination at the slit lamp, according to Lens Opacities Classification System III. Plasma carotenoids were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in 899 subjects of the cohort.. After multivariate adjustment, the highest quintile of plasma zeaxanthin was significantly associated with reduced risk of ARM (OR=0.07; 95% CI: 0.01-0.58; P for trend=0.005), nuclear cataract (OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.08-0.68; P for trend=0.003) and any cataract (OR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.31-0.89; P for trend=0.01). ARM was significantly associated with combined plasma lutein and zeaxanthin (OR=0.21; 95% CI: 0.05-0.79; P for trend=0.01), and tended to be associated with plasma lutein (OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.09-1.07; P for trend=0.04), whereas cataract showed no such associations. Among other carotenoids, only beta-carotene showed a significant negative association with nuclear cataract, but not ARM.. These results are strongly suggestive of a protective role of the xanthophylls, in particular zeaxanthin, for the protection against ARM and cataract.

Topics: beta Carotene; Cataract; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To evaluate the association of cortical, nuclear, or posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract with dietary intake of lutein-zeaxanthin (LZ) in a population-based sample.. For the study, 3271 (83% of the eligible residents) permanent residents aged > or =40 years were recruited in 1992 to 1994 via a cluster random sampling. In 1997 to 1999, 2594 (79%) attended the follow-up examination including lens photography, a life-style questionnaire, and a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Cases were those with cortical opacity > or =4/16, nuclear opacity grade > or =2.0, or PSC opacity > or =1 mm2. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios for cataract by daily LZ intake, or its quintile indicator with the lowest quintile as the baseline category, controlling for energy-adjusted fat intake and variables previously found to be associated with the cataract outcomes.. Of the 2322 participants who attended the follow-up survey and completed the FFQ, 1841 (79%), 1955 (84%), and 1950 (84%) were included in the analyses of cortical, nuclear, and PSC cataract, respectively. There were 182 (9.9%), 387 (19.8%), and 177 (9.1%) cases for cortical, nuclear, and PSC cataract, respectively. Cortical and PSC cataract were not significantly associated with LZ intake. For nuclear cataract the odds ratios were 0.67 (0.46-0.96) and 0.60 (0.40-0.90) for every 1-mg increase in crude and energy-adjusted daily LZ intake, respectively. The odds ratios (95% CI) for those in the top quintile of crude LZ intake was 0.58 (0.37-0.92; P = 0.023 for trend), and it was 0.64 (0.40-1.03) for energy adjusted LZ intake (P = 0.018 for trend).. This study found an inverse association between high dietary LZ intake and prevalence of nuclear cataract.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cataract; Diet; Diet Records; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Victoria; Visually Impaired Persons; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

This study investigated the relationship between the intake of antioxidant nutrients and the suffering of cataracts in 177 institutionalized elderly people (61 men and 116 women) aged > or = 65 years. Dietary intake was monitored for 7 consecutive days using a "precise individual weighing" method. Subjects, who during their earlier years were exposed by their work to sunlight, had a greater risk of suffering cataracts (OR = 3.2; CI: 1.1-9.3, P < 0.05) than those who worked indoors. A relationship was found between increased vitamin C intake and a reduced prevalence of cataracts (i.e., when comparing those above P95 for vitamin C intake with those below P5; (OR = 0.08; CI: 0.01-0.75, P 0.05). Among subjects with cataracts, 12.1% had vitamin C intakes of < 61 mg/day (P10) and only 2.2% had intakes of > 183 mg/day (P95) (p < 0.01). Subjects who consumed > 3290 microg/day (P95) of lutein were less likely to have cataracts (OR = 0.086; CI: 0.007-1.084; p < 0.05) than those whose consumption was < 256 microg/day (P5). In men, high intakes of zeaxanthin seemed to provide a protective effect against the problem (OR = 0.96; CI: 0.91-0.99; p < 0.05). The results suggest an association exists between exposure to sunlight and the development of cataracts, and that vitamin C, lutein, and zeaxanthin offer some protection against this disorder.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Cataract; Diet; Diet Surveys; Female; Geriatric Assessment; Humans; Lutein; Male; Odds Ratio; Sex Distribution; Spain; Sunlight; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Topics: beta Carotene; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cataract; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Radiodermatitis; Retinitis Pigmentosa; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Increasing evidence has linked retinal lutein and zeaxanthin (termed macular pigment, MP) to the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Currently, however, studies differ regarding the question of whether MP declines with age or age has an effect in patient populations being assessed. This study assessed MP across the lifespan with an emphasis on assessing MP in a cross-section of elderly including those with lenticular or age-related macular degeneration, or both.. Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study.. Institution.. Cross-sectional study of normal, cataractous, and AMD subjects tested in Indianapolis, Indiana, including 390 subjects, 22 with cataracts and 59 with age-related macular degeneration.. MP density was measured with a one-degree diameter test field at 460 nm using a psychophysical method based on heterochromatic flicker photometry.. MP optical density.. MP does not appear to change as a function of age (r = +.04) when examining subjects across the lifespan (from 18-88 years). There was a slight tendency (slope = -.0027, r = -.11) for MP to decline when only the elderly subjects were considered, but this trend was not significant (P < .12) for any of the groups considered (normal, cataractous, or AMD).. MP does not change significantly with age, even when elderly subjects with cataracts and AMD are considered. Using heterochromic flicker photometry, elderly subjects display a full range of MP density that is similar to young subjects.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; beta Carotene; Cataract; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Lutein; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Phacoemulsification; Photometry; Prospective Studies; Retinal Pigments; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To investigate whether nutritional factors and possible risk factors for cataract influence the lens optical density (LOD).. Three hundred seventy-six subjects, aged 18 to 75 years, were recruited. In a cross-sectional design, serum was analyzed for lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol levels. Adipose tissue (n = 187) was analyzed for lutein level. The LOD and the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) were measured by spectral fundus reflectance.. The mean +/- SD LOD at 420 nm was 0.52 +/- 0.17. It showed a significant association with age (beta =.008, P<001) and MPOD (beta = -.096, P =.02). For subjects 50 years and younger (mean +/- SD LOD, 0.45 +/- 0.11), we found only a single significant beta coefficient, for age (beta =.006, P<.001). For subjects older than 50 years (mean +/- SD LOD, 0.68 +/- 0.16), we found significant beta coefficients for age (beta =.011, P<.001) and MPOD (beta = -.240, P =.005). Controlling for age, we found no associations between LOD and other possible risk factors for age-related cataract or serum or adipose tissue concentrations of carotenoids, vitamin C, and alpha-tocopherol.. Macular pigment is composed of lutein and zeaxanthin, the only carotenoids found in human lenses. The inverse relationship between LOD and MPOD suggests that lutein and zeaxanthin may retard aging of the lens.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; alpha-Tocopherol; Ascorbic Acid; beta Carotene; Cataract; Cholesterol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Retinal Pigments; Risk Factors; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To assess the relation between usual nutrient intake and subsequently diagnosed age-related nuclear lens opacities.. Four hundred seventy-eight nondiabetic women aged 53 to 73 years from the Boston, Mass, area without previously diagnosed cataracts sampled from the Nurses' Health Study cohort.. Usual nutrient intake was calculated as the average intake from 5 food frequency questionnaires that were collected during a 13- to 15-year period before the evaluation of lens opacities. The duration of vitamin supplement use was determined from 7 questionnaires collected during this same period. We defined nuclear opacities as a nuclear opalescence grade of 2.5 or higher using the Lens Opacification Classification System III.. The prevalence of nuclear opacification was significantly lower in the highest nutrient intake quintile category relative to the lowest quintile category for vitamin C (P<.001), vitamin E (P =.02), riboflavin (P =.005), folate (P =.009), beta-carotene (P =.04), and lutein/zeaxanthin (P =.03). After adjustment for other nutrients, only vitamin C intake remained significantly associated (P =.003 for trend) with the prevalence of nuclear opacities. The prevalence of nuclear opacities was significantly lower (P<.001) in the highest vitamin C intake quintile category relative to the lowest quintile category (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.58). There were also statistically significant trends of decreasing prevalence of nuclear opacities with increasing duration of use of vitamin C (P =.004 for trend), vitamin E (P =.03 for trend), and multivitamin (P =.04 for trend) supplements, but only duration of vitamin C supplement use remained significantly associated with nuclear opacities after mutual adjustment for use of vitamin E (P =.05 for trend) or multivitamin (P =.02 for trend) supplements. The prevalence of nuclear opacities was significantly lower (P =.004) for women who used a vitamin C supplement for 10 or more years relative to women who never used vitamin C supplements (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.72). Plasma measures of vitamins C and E taken at the eye examination were also inversely associated with the prevalence of nuclear opacities.. These results provide additional evidence that antioxidant nutrients play a role in the prevention of age-related nuclear lens opacities.

Topics: Aged; Aging; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; beta Carotene; Cataract; Cohort Studies; Diet Records; Diet Surveys; Feeding Behavior; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Lens Nucleus, Crystalline; Lutein; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Riboflavin; Vitamin E; Women's Health; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Oxidation of lens proteins plays a central role in the formation of age-related cataracts, suggesting that dietary antioxidants may play a role in prevention. However, the relation between specific antioxidants and risk of cataract remains uncertain.. Our objective was to examine prospectively the association between carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and cataract extraction in women.. A prospective cohort of registered female nurses aged 45-71 y and free of diagnosed cancer was followed; in 1980, 50461 were included and others were added as they became 45 y of age for a total of 77466. Information on nutrient intake was assessed by repeated administration of a food-frequency questionnaire during 12 y of follow-up.. During 761762 person-years of follow-up, 1471 cataracts were extracted. After age, smoking, and other potential cataract risk factors were controlled for, those with the highest intake of lutein and zeaxanthin had a 22% decreased risk of cataract extraction compared with those in the lowest quintile (relative risk: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04). Other carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin), vitamin A, and retinol were not associated with cataract in multivariate analysis. Increasing frequency of intakes of spinach and kale, foods rich in lutein, was associated with a moderate decrease in risk of cataract.. Lutein and zeaxanthin and foods rich in these carotenoids may decrease the risk of cataracts severe enough to require extraction.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Complications; Diet Surveys; Female; Humans; Lutein; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Smoking; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Vitamin A; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Dietary antioxidants, including carotenoids, are hypothesized to decrease the risk of age-related cataracts by preventing oxidation of proteins or lipids within the lens. However, prospective epidemiologic data concerning this phenomenon are limited.. Our objective was to examine prospectively the association between carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and cataract extraction in men.. US male health professionals (n = 36644) who were 45-75 y of age in 1986 were included in this prospective cohort study. Others were subsequently included as they became 45 y of age. A detailed dietary questionnaire was used to assess intake of carotenoids and other nutrients. During 8 y of follow-up, 840 cases of senile cataract extraction were documented.. We observed a modestly lower risk of cataract extraction in men with higher intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin but not of other carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) or vitamin A after other potential risk factors, including age and smoking, were controlled for. Men in the highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake had a 19% lower risk of cataract relative to men in the lowest fifth (relative risk: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.01; P for trend = 0.03). Among specific foods high in carotenoids, broccoli and spinach were most consistently associated with a lower risk of cataract.. Lutein and zeaxanthin may decrease the risk of cataracts severe enough to require extraction, although this relation appears modest in magnitude. The present findings add support for recommendations to consume vegetables and fruit high in carotenoids daily.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; beta Carotene; Brassica; Carotenoids; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Complications; Diet Surveys; Humans; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Smoking; Spinacia oleracea; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Vitamin A; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that differential risk for cataract in different areas of the lens may be related to intake of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol. Nevertheless, there is little information about differential localization of these nutrients in the lens. To determine the spatial distribution of fat-soluble nutrients within the lens, we determined levels of these nutrients in the epithelium/ outer cortex vs. inner cortex/nucleus.. Concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol were determined in the epithelial/cortical (younger, more metabolically active tissue) and nuclear (older, less metabolically active) layers of human cataractous lenses (n = 7, 64-75 yr) by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).. Lutein/zeaxanthin was the only carotenoid, which was detected, in human lens. Consistent with prior reports, no beta-carotene or lycopene were detected. Concentrations of lutein/zeaxanthin, tocopherol, and retinol in epithelium/cortex tissue were approximately 3-, 1.8-, and 1.3-fold higher than in the older lens tissue. Specifically, the epithelial/cortical lens layer, comprising about half of the tissue, contains 74% of lutein/zeaxanthin (44 ng/g wet wt), 65% of alpha-tocopherol (2227 ng/g wet wt), and 60% of retinol (30 ng/g wet wt).. The data suggest that upon development and aging, there is differential localization of these nutrients. The data are also consistent with a protective role of these nutrients against oxidative damage in the epithelium and cortex of the human lens.

Topics: Aged; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Cataract; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Lutein; Lycopene; Middle Aged; Solubility; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamins; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins

To determine the levels of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in normal and cataractous human lenses.. Concentrations of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 12 American normal lenses, 9 American cataractous lenses, and 10 Indian cataractous lenses.. On a per gram wet weight of tissue basis, human lenses contained 11 to 25 ng xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin), 31 to 50 ng retinol, 21 to 25 ng retinyl palmitate, 1573 to 2550 ng alpha-tocopherol, and 257 to 501 ng gamma-tocopherol. Concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, and retinol were significantly higher in Indian cataractous lenses than in American normal or cataractous lenses. There were no differences in the lutein-zeaxanthin, retinoid, or alpha-tocopherol contents between American normal lenses and American cataractous lenses. The range of ratios of lutein to zeaxanthin in human lenses was 1.6 to 2.2. The mean age of the Indian lens donors was 20 years younger than the American lens donors. Comparisons using contralateral lenses indicated that there was significant interindividual variance in human lens concentrations of xanthophylls, retinoids, and tocopherols. beta-carotene and lycopene, major carotenoids in human serum and other tissues, were not detected in human lenses.. Xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) are the only carotenoids detected in human lens. Retinol, retinyl palmitate, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherols also are present in human lens. Determinants of lens concentration of nutrients are not defined, but dietary factors are likely to be important.

Topics: beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Cataract; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; India; Lens, Crystalline; Lutein; Male; Middle Aged; Retinoids; United States; Vitamin E; Xanthophylls; Zeaxanthins