wogonin and Leukemia--Promyelocytic--Acute

Crude extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) has cytotoxic effect on human myelogenous leukemia cells (HL-60). We invesigated which compound from the crude extract is responsible for the cytotoxic effect on HL-60 cells. We identified 29 compounds from the crude extract using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). Two of the compounds, baicalin and wogonoside, are converted to baicalein and wogonin, respectively, after treatment with beta-glucuronidase. We observed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability when cells with either wogonin or aqueous extract of S. baicalensis. Several of the apoptotic features including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation and increased caspase-3 activity were found in cells treated with wogonin and aqueous extract. The changes were associated with down-regulation of Bcl-2, and not Bax. Furthermore, treatment of HL-60 cells with wogonin or S. baicalensis led to the inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), human telomerase-associated protein 1 (hTP1) and c-myc messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) expression. Wogonin and S. baicaleisis down-regulated the telomerase activity. Our findings suggest that wogonin may be the major compound in S. baicalensis responsible for HL-60 growth inhibition in vitro. The inhibition of HL-60 cell growth is mediated partly through the induction of Bax/Bcl-2 apoptosis and by telomerase inhibition through suppression of c-myc, which is a promoter of hTERT.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Flavanones; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Membrane Transport Proteins; Plant Extracts; RNA, Messenger; Scutellaria baicalensis; Telomerase; Transcription Factors

Etoposide induces apoptotic cell death in normal and cancer cells. This apoptosis plays a role not only in anticancer effects but also in adverse reactions, such as myelosuppression. Because we had previously found that wogonin, a flavone found in a plant, suppresses thymocyte apoptosis induced by etoposide, we examined the effect of this flavone in cancer cells. Wogonin significantly potentiated etoposide-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. This flavone impaired the function of P-glycoprotein and then increased cellular content of etoposide in the cells. Thus, this flavone is likely to act as an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and potentiate the apoptotic action of etoposide. On the other hand, wogonin inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis in thymocytes, one of the normal cells. The potentiation by wogonin is likely to be a specific action for cancer cells but not normal cells. Therefore, this flavone may be used to reduce the excretion of the anticancer agents via P-glycoprotein and increase the pharmacological action of it in cancer cells. These results suggest that wogonin may play a role in overcoming multidrug resistance.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Etoposide; Flavanones; Flow Cytometry; HL-60 Cells; Humans; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute

Previous studies have firmly demonstrated that wogonin, a naturally occurring monoflavonoid extracted from the root of the Chinese herb medicine Scutellaria baicalensis, could effectively inhibit the proliferation of several cancer cell lines. However, little is known about the effect of wogonin on differentiation induction of leukemic cells. Here we investigate the potential role of wogonin in the proliferation and differentiation of NB4, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line derived from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Our results indicated that wogonin significantly suppressed the proliferation and efficiently induced the differentiation of NB4 cells. NB4 cell growth was inhibited by 55-60% after treatment with 50 microM wogonin for a period of 5 days. The results of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test (with 67.13% positive cells by 50 microM wogonin for 5 days), Giemsa staining (with 67.24% positive cells by 50 microM wogonin for 5 days), and the expression of mature-related cell-surface differentiation antigens CD11b and CD14 (with 70.94% CD11b(+) and 5.82% CD14(+) cells by 50 microM wogonin for 5 days) demonstrated an increase in the differentiation-inducing action of wogonin on the NB4 cells, which was accompanied by an increase in mRNA and protein expression of phospholipids scramblase 1 (PLSCR1). Meanwhile, the level of phosphorylated PKC delta (Ser643) was dramatically increased in wogonin treated NB4 cells. Interestingly, wogonin treatment displayed little effect on the apoptosis of NB4 cells. Taken together, the results reported here demonstrated that wogonin could promote the granulocytic differentiation of NB4 cells by up-regulating the expression of PLSCR1 gene.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; CD11b Antigen; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Flavanones; Gene Expression; Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; RNA Interference

Etoposide, a podophylotoxin anticancer agent, induces apoptotic cell death in normal and cancer cells. Etoposide-induced apoptosis plays a role in not only anticancer effect but also adverse reaction, such as myelosuppression. Since we have found that wogonin, a flavone found in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, prevents thymocyte apoptosis induced by various compounds including etoposide, we examined the effect of this flavone on etoposide-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Although 100 muM wogonin itself significantly increased DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells, this change was not observed in Jurkat cells. On the other hand, this flavone significantly potentiated etoposide-induced apoptosis in Jurkat and HL-60 cells. Similarly, wogonin accelerated etoposide-induced cell death in lung cancer cells. Since wogonin had no effect on the action of other anticancer agents, such as 5-FU and cisplatin, this flavone seems to accelerate only etoposide-induced apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. These results suggest that the modification of etoposide-induced apoptosis by wogonin may be available to reduce the adverse reaction of this agent.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Drug Synergism; Etoposide; Flavanones; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Jurkat Cells; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Leukemia, T-Cell; Rats; Scutellaria

Seven structurally related flavonoids including luteolin, nobiletin, wogonin, baicalein, apigenin, myricetin and fisetin were used to study their biological activities on the human leukemia cell line, HL-60. On MTT assay, wogonin, baicalein, apigenin, myricetin and fisetin showed obvious cytotoxic effects on HL-60 cells, with wogonin and fisetin being the most-potent apoptotic inducers among them. The cytotoxic effects of wogonin and fisetin were accompanied by the dose- and time-dependent appearance of characteristics of apoptosis including DNA fragmentation, apoptotic bodies and the sub-G1 ratio. Treatment with an apoptosis-inducing concentration of wogonin or fisetin causes rapid and transient induction of caspase 3/CPP32 activity, but not caspase 1 activity. Further, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and decrease of pro-caspase 3 protein were detected in wogonin- and fisetin-treated HL-60 cells. An increase in the pro-apoptotic protein, bax, and a decrease in the anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1, were detected in fisetin- and wogonin-treated HL-60 cells. However, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bad all remained unchanged in wogonin- and fisetin-treated HL-60 cells. In vitro chromatin digestion revealed that endonuclease activity was profoundly enhanced in wogonin- and fisetin-treated HL-60 cells, and the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA) into the reaction blocked endonuclease activation and at an optimum pH of 7.5. The caspase 3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, but not the caspase 1 inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CHO, attenuated wogonin- and fisetin-induced DNA ladders, PARP cleavage, and endonuclease activation. Pretreatment of HL-60 cells with N-acetyl-cysteine or catalase efficiently inhibited H(2)O(2) (200 microM)-induced apoptosis, but showed no inhibitory effect on wogonin- and fisetin-induced DNA ladders, caspase 3 activation, or bax protein induction. Decrease in endogenous ROS production was detected in wogonin- and fisetin-treated HL-60 cells by DCHF-DA assay. In conclusion, our experiments indicate that a decrease in intracellular peroxide level was involved in wogonin- and fisetin-induced apoptosis; activation of caspase 3 and endonuclease, induction of bax protein and suppression of Mcl-1 protein were detected in the process.

Topics: Acetylcysteine; Apoptosis; Calcium; Caspase 1; Caspase 3; Caspases; Catalase; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; Endonucleases; Enzyme Activation; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Free Radical Scavengers; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Oligopeptides; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tumor Cells, Cultured