vitamin-k-semiquinone-radical and Poultry-Diseases

Topics: Aflatoxins; Animals; Anticoagulants; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Blood Coagulation Tests; Cats; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chickens; Coumarins; Cricetinae; Dogs; Ducks; Goats; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Mice; Poultry Diseases; Rabbits; Rats; Species Specificity; Vitamin K

1. A modern hybrid strain of laying hen (Hisex) was fed from point of lay to 68 weeks on a control diet and diets containing oystershell, fluoride, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, ascorbic acid, a lower concentration of phosphorus and a combination of a lower concentration of crude protein and higher concentration of vitamin K. Hens from a much older strain (Brown Leghorn J-line) were fed on the control diet. 2. Plasma variables were measured during lay. End-of-lay trabecular and medullary bone volumes in the proximal tarsometatarsus and free thoracic vertebra were measured by histomorphometry. 3. The majority of Hisex hens were considered to be osteoporotic by the end of lay. In contrast, none of the J-line were osteoporotic. 4. None of the nutritional treatments affected trabecular bone volumes. Medullary bone volumes were increased significantly by feeding oystershell or fluoride. 5. There was no phenotypic correlation between egg production and trabecular bone volume in the Hisex hens. 6. The experiment provided evidence that osteoporosis in laying hens, as assessed by trabecular bone volumes, is not caused by calcium deficiency and could not be prevented by any of the nutritional treatments studied.

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bone Density; Calcitriol; Chickens; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Female; Fluorides; Osteoporosis; Ostreidae; Oviposition; Phosphorus; Poultry Diseases; Species Specificity; Vitamin K

The molar ratio of menadione (vitamin K3) to beta-cyclodextrin in the microcrystalline inclusion complex showed this to be 1:3 with a menadione content of approximately 4.1-4.3%. Complexes with higher vitamin content could not be prepared. Bound and free vitamin can be readily separated by sublimation in vacuum. The menadione is highly stable in complexed form; in dry state it is released only when cyclodextrin is destroyed by heating to about 300 degrees C. Complexed menadione does not react with amino acids. Solubility and dissolution rate are strongly increased. Treating hypovitaminotic chickens with equivalent doses of menadione or menadione-beta-cyclodextrin complex and monitoring blood clotting times, recalcification times and prothrombin times the complex proved to be at least as effective as--or even somewhat more potent than--free vitamin. 1.5-2.0 micrograms/animal/d free or complexed menadione was sufficient to cover the daily vitamin K needs of chickens.

Topics: Animals; beta-Cyclodextrins; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Chickens; Crystallization; Cyclodextrins; Dextrins; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Poultry Diseases; Starch; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

A 20 week study using layer and broiler strain chicks of both sexes was undertaken to determine whether poultry were susceptible to warfarin-induced granulomatous endocardial lesions. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet with no added vitamin K, supplemented with either 0, 25, 50, or 100 ppm of warfarin or vitamin K at .6 mg/kg of diet. Broiler chicks showed a higher incidence of hemorrhages, more mortality, and longer prothrombin times than did the layer strain fed the same diets. Regardless of the breed, female chicks fed the highest warfarin level had significantly longer prothrombin times than the male chicks. However, there were no sex differences associated with mortality or incidence of hemorrhages among birds fed the experimental diets. Growth was most significantly reduced for chicks fed the highest warfarin level and to a lesser degree for birds fed 50 ppm of warfarin. In contrast to the first 10 weeks of the study, there was a sharp decline in mortality, incidence of hemorrhages, and prothrombin times during the last 10 weeks of the study. Layer and broiler strains of chickens fed warfarin for 20 weeks showed no evidence of granulomatous endocardial lesions as was reported for swine (Oshiro and Brooks, 1975).

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Diet; Female; Hemorrhage; Male; Mortality; Poultry Diseases; Prothrombin Time; Vitamin K; Warfarin

Nutritional encephalopathy was induced in young chicks by vitamin E-deficient diets containing either 4% methyl esters of safflower oil or 10% thermally oxidized safflower oil. The coccidiostat nicarbazin (an equimolecular complex of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide and 2-hydroxy 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine) reduced the incidence of encephalopathy, but zoalene (3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide) and amprolium [1-(4-amino-2-n-propyl-5-pyrimidinylmethyl)-2-picolinium chloride hydrochloride] did not. Neither of the two components of nicarbazin affected the rate of development of encephalopathy when fed separately, but when included together in the diet, they reduced the incidence of the disease.

Topics: Animals; Brain Diseases; Carbanilides; Chickens; Coccidiostats; Diet; Male; Nicarbazin; Poultry Diseases; Safflower Oil; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K

Vitamins A, E and K were incorporated into turkey starter rations at normal (1 x ), 5 x and 50 x the National Research Council recommended vitamin levels and evaluated for their effect on histomoniasis in turkeys. Infected as well as comparable unifected poults were included in all trials. Each vitamin was also evaluated at normal and 50 x the NRC level in combination with ipronidazole, a low-level antihistomonal agent. In addition to performance parameters, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plasma enzyme levels were used to evaluate the vitamin effect. None of the vitamins tested alone were found to be effective in terms of reducing mortality and morbidity following a severe Histomonas meleagridis challenge, regardless of the vitamin dose. A significant improvement in performance was demonstrated with the vitamin E (50 X)--ipronidazole combination and a numerical improvement with the vitamin A (50 X)--ipronidazole combination over ipronidazole alone or the poults fed NRC recommended vitamin levels. The GOT and LDH plasma enzyme levels correlated well with the progressive pathological changes associated with the disease. At 11 days post-infection both enzymes were consistently and significantly elevated above those of the uninfected controls, irrespective of the vitamin levels provided. The presence of low ipronidazole in most instances delayed the onset of clinical symptoms and was associated with a delay in enzyme elevation, indicating the excellent correlation and sensitivity of the enzyme method in assessing liver damage.

Topics: Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Ipronidazole; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Infections; Turkeys; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Vitamin K (as menaphthone sodium bisulphite) added to a deficient diet reduced mortality due to Eimeria tenella or E. necatrix, had a slight effect on haematocrit, but had no obvious effect on weight gain or faecal blood; 0.1 ppm gave a maximal response. The effect of vitamin K on mortality was not absolute; the magnitude of the effect depended on the size of the challenge dose of oocysts. Likewise, the response of an infection to anticoccidial drugs, particularly monensin, depended on the severity of challenge. The effect of adding vitamin K in the presence of drug was to effectively reduce the coccidial challenge; no other interaction of vitamin K and drug has been found. No effects with vitamin K deficiency or supplementation were seen in cases of infections with E. acervulina, E. brunetti or E. maxima. The use of a deficient diet for experimental work is therefore quite justified--particularly as it results in a 4-fold saving of oocysts for inoculation purposes in the case of the haemorrhagic species.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Diet; Drug Evaluation; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Synergism; Poultry Diseases; Vitamin K

A natural occuring outbreak of aflatoxicosis was observed in Bobwhite quail chicks while on a brooding experiment. A slight reduction in effects was noted for birds which received Tylan in the water from 0-3 days and Terramycin from 0-35 days of age. No symptoms of aflatoxicosis were observed in birds which received a product (FloxAid) containing two antibiotics and eight vitamins from 0-14 days. It is postulated that the primary mode of protection was via the water soluble vitamin D content of the product with possibly some protection from vitamins A, E and K.

Topics: Aflatoxins; Animals; Cholecalciferol; Choline; Folic Acid; Housing, Animal; Leucomycins; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G Procaine; Poultry Diseases; Pyridoxine; Quail; Streptomycin; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Topics: Aflatoxins; Animal Feed; Animals; Avitaminosis; Calcium; Chickens; Diet; Male; Poultry Diseases; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Female; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Poultry Diseases; Prothrombin Time; Triglycerides; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cecal Diseases; Coccidiosis; Poultry Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Animals; Hot Temperature; Poultry Diseases; Prothrombin Time; Stress, Physiological; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Diet; Poultry Diseases; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Research; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides; Vitamin K