vitamin-k-semiquinone-radical and Infant--Premature--Diseases

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major complication of preterm birth, and large hemorrhages may yield significant future disability. During the last few decades, the survival of preterm infants has increased dramatically. Nevertheless, morbidity is still a major problem especially for very young and extremely low birth weight infants. As both, mortality and incidence of morbidities known to influence outcome, show a weekly decline with increasing gestational age, prematurity and low birth weight have been identified as major risk factors for IVH occurrence. This stems probably from the increased vulnerability of the premature germinal matrix as well as the physiologically impaired hemostasis, demonstrated in neonates. The hypothesis that a severe coagulation deficiency in the premature newborn could be a major contributing factor for IVH has been suggested, and small open label interventional studies targeting the premature coagulation system have been conducted with ethamsylate, vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, recombinant activated factor VII and prothrombin complex concentrate. Nevertheless, potential venous origin of hemorrhages, which may be related to thrombophilic risk factors, has also been discussed. The following manuscript will focus upon IVH pathogenesis and address potential therapies.

Topics: Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Factors; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Coagulants; Ethamsylate; Factor VIIa; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Prothrombin; Recombinant Proteins; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin K

It has long been considered that a severe coagulation deficiency in premature newborns could be a major contributing factor in the occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). High-grade IVH has also been shown to coincide with severe derangement of coagulation in extremely low birth weight infants. This review focuses on the relevance of the physiologically developing immature hemostatic system to IVH, and the potential benefit of agents affecting hemostasis for IVH therapy or prevention in preterm infants. The findings of small, open-label interventional studies on the effect of ethamsylate, vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, recombinant activated factor VII, and prothrombin complex concentrate on the premature coagulation system will be reviewed.

Topics: Blood Coagulation Factors; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Ethamsylate; Factor VIIa; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Plasma; Ultrasonography; Vitamin K

Preterm infants are at risk of periventricular haemorrhage. This can be a sign of brain damage that might lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including cerebral palsy. It has been suggested that vitamin K might improve coagulation in preterm infants and thereby decrease the risk of periventricular haemorrhage.. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of vitamin K administered to women at risk of imminent very preterm birth to prevent periventricular haemorrhage and associated neurological injury in the infant.. We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 March 2008).. Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of vitamin K administered parenterally or orally to women at risk of imminent preterm birth. The primary outcomes were neonatal mortality, neonatal neurological morbidity, as measured by the presence of periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) on ultrasound during the first week of life, and long-term neurodevelopment. Secondary outcomes included other neonatal morbidity and any maternal side effects.. Two review authors independently assessed eligibility, trial quality and extracted data.. Seven trials were included, involving 607 women. The trials were of variable quality. Antenatal vitamin K was associated with a non-significant reduction in all grades of periventricular haemorrhage (risk ratio (RR) 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 1.06) and a significant reduction in severe PVH (grades 3 and 4) (RR 0.58; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.91) for babies receiving prenatal vitamin K compared with control babies. When the two quasi-randomised trials were excluded, antenatal vitamin K was associated with a non-significant reduction in all grades of PVH (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.26) and a non-significant reduction in severe PVH (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.49 to 1.36).There was an unfavourable effect of vitamin K on development as measured by the Bayley Mental Development Index at two years of age, however these results are derived from one trial with many participants lost to follow up. No difference was found in the incidence of other neurodevelopmental abnormalities at paediatric follow up at 18 to 24 months or seven years of age between children born to mothers given vitamin K and children not so exposed.. Vitamin K administered to women prior to very preterm birth has not been shown to significantly prevent periventricular haemorrhages in preterm infants or improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood.

Topics: Antifibrinolytic Agents; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Child; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin K

Vitamin K is the most common 'drug' administered to babies born in the western world. For many decades vitamin K prophylaxis has been a routine treatment at birth for preterm infants. Despite universal use in preterm infants, very little work has been done to date to refine vitamin K dosage in this population or to assess vitamin K status after prophylaxis. Current regimens of prophylaxis used for preterm infants vary widely in terms of dose, route of administration, and formulation used.

Topics: Chemoprevention; Humans; Infant Formula; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Nutrition Policy; Premature Birth; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

This review summarizes current knowledge on vitamin K for the paediatrician. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin, present in plants as phylloquinone and produced by bacteria as menaquinone. It is acting as a co-factor for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. This enzyme is responsible for post-translational modification of some glutamate side chains to gamma-carboxyglutamate. The majority of gamma-carboxylated proteins function in blood coagulation; others play a role in calcium homeostasis.. Newborn babies are at particular risk of vitamin K deficiency, as placental transfer is limited and human milk is a poor source. Vitamin K prophylaxis at birth effectively prevents vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), formerly known as "haemorrhagic disease of the newborn". Recent epidemiological studies provide data on the effectiveness of different administration routes and dosing schemes. Infants of mothers taking drugs that inhibit vitamin K are at risk of early VKDB and should receive 1 mg intramuscular (i.m.) as soon as possible after birth. Classic VKDB is prevented by intramuscular as well as by oral administration of 1 mg vitamin K. In exclusively breast-fed infants, single i.m. administration at birth is also effectively preventing (rare) late VKDB but single oral administration is not. If given orally, prophylaxis should be continued by either weekly administration of 1 mg till 12 weeks or repeating 2 mg at weeks 1 and 4. Daily administration of 25 microg offers insufficient protection. The only infants not fully protected in this way are those with yet unrecognised liver disease.. Further work is needed before firm recommendations can be made regarding dose in preterm infants and in patients with fat malabsorption/cholestasis or regarding the role of vitamin K in the prevention of osteoporosis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Blood Coagulation; Breast Feeding; Calcium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Homeostasis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Injections, Intramuscular; Liver; Risk Factors; Vitamin K; Vitamin K 1; Vitamin K 2; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Preterm infants are at risk of periventricular haemorrhage. This can be a sign of brain damage that might lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including cerebral palsy. It has been suggested that vitamin K might improve coagulation in preterm infants.. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of vitamin K administered to women at risk of imminent very preterm birth to prevent periventricular haemorrhage and associated neurological injury in the infant.. We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and bibliographies up to September 2000.. Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of vitamin K administered parenterally or orally to women at risk of imminent preterm birth. The primary outcomes were neonatal mortality, neonatal neurological morbidity, as measured by the presence of periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) on ultrasound during the first week of life, and long term neurodevelopment. Secondary outcomes included other neonatal morbidity and any maternal side effects.. Eligibility, trial quality assessment and data extraction were done independently by two reviewers.. Five trials were included, involving more than 420 women. The trials were of variable quality. Antenatal vitamin K was associated with a non-significant trend to a reduction in all grades of periventricular haemorrhage (relative risk (RR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.00) and in severe PVH (grades 3 and 4) (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.45-1.25) for babies receiving prenatal vitamin K compared with control babies. This trend disappeared when poorer quality trials were excluded. Information on neurodevelopment was only given for a small sample of children in one trial with discrepancy in results given in the two reports.. Vitamin K administered to women prior to very preterm birth has not been shown to significantly prevent periventricular haemorrhages in preterm infants.

Topics: Antifibrinolytic Agents; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin K

Preterm infants are at risk of periventricular haemorrhage. This can damage the brain and lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including cerebral palsy. It has been suggested that vitamin K might improve coagulation in preterm infants.. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of vitamin K administered to women at risk of imminent very preterm birth to prevent periventricular haemorrhage and associated neurological injury in the infant.. We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and bibliographies up to January 1999.. Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of vitamin K administered parenterally or orally to women at risk of imminent preterm birth. The primary outcomes were neonatal mortality, neonatal neurological morbidity, as measured by the presence of periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) on ultrasound during the first week of life, and long term neurodevelopment. Secondary outcomes included other neonatal morbidity and any maternal side effects.. Eligibility, trial quality assessment and data extraction were done independently by two reviewers.. Five trials were included, involving more than 420 women. The trials were of variable quality. Antenatal vitamin K was associated with a non-significant trend to a reduction in all grades of periventricular haemorrhage (relative risk (RR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.00) and in severe PVH (grades 3 and 4) (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.45-1.25) for babies receiving prenatal vitamin K compared with control babies. This trend disappeared when poorer quality trials were excluded. Information on neurodevelopment was given for a small sample of children in one trial and no differences were seen.. Vitamin K administered to women prior to very preterm birth does not appear to be able to significantly prevent periventricular haemorrhages in preterm infants.

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pregnancy; Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial to the production of many proteins involved with the coagulation process. It is integral in the synthesis of coagulants (factors II, VII, IX and X) and anticoagulants (proteins C and S). It is generally recognised that routine administration of vitamin K (phytomenadione) shortly after birth will prevent major neonatal morbidity and mortality related to haemorrhage. Vitamin K supplementation during pregnancy is also recommended if mothers are on anticonvulsant therapy or prolonged treatment with certain antibiotics. These medications, if ingested by pregnant women, predispose the neonate to a bleeding tendency caused by vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K treatment of pregnant mothers before premature delivery has also been suggested to reduce the incidence of severe intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in premature neonates. Although further studies are pending, the data to date do not support using antenatal vitamin K for preventing ICH.

Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Epilepsy; Female; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Leukemia; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Hemorrhage in the infant from vitamin K deficiency is still a concern in pediatrics. Vitamin K given intramuscularly will largely prevent hemorrhagic disease in the newborn, even in infants who are exclusively breast-fed and are thus at the greatest risk for bleeding. The vitamin K content of human milk is very low compared with standard infant formulas. Results with oral vitamin K prophylaxis, currently used in some countries following the association found in a single report between childhood cancer and intramuscular vitamin K, are far more controversial. Any role of vitamin K in the prevention of IVH in premature infants has not been sufficiently demonstrated. Ongoing developments in this field will lead to improved methods of detecting early vitamin K deficiency and perhaps suitable alternatives to intramuscular vitamin K prophylaxis in the newborn.

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

More than ten years ago, vitamin E supplementation was proposed as a prophylaxies against a syndrome that might be caused by oxygen toxicity and/or membrane instability such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH/IVH). The results obtained from several studies to date does not support the usefulness of vitamin E supplements in the prevention of BPD. However, several reports have suggested the utility of vitamin E in the prevention and/or inhibition of progress of ROP, although the use of vitamin E in premature infants for the possible prevention of severe ROP should still be considered investigational. On the other hand, the aggregate of evidence to date support the efficacy of tocopherol in preventing IVH of extremely premature infants. It is postulated that oxidative damage to capillary endothelial membranes of the subependymal layer predisposed the premature infant to subependymal bleeding and that vitamin E might act as an antioxidant to prevent such damage, thereby reducing the risk of hemorrhage.

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Injections, Intramuscular; Pregnancy; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Birth Weight; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Iron; Pregnancy; Time Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Preterm infants may be at particular risk from either inadequate or excessive vitamin K prophylaxis. Our goal was to assess vitamin K status and metabolism in preterm infants after 3 regimens of prophylaxis.. Infants <32 weeks' gestation were randomized to receive 0.5 mg (control) or 0.2 mg of vitamin K1 intramuscularly or 0.2 mg intravenously after delivery. Primary outcome measures were serum vitamin K1, its epoxide metabolite (vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide), and undercarboxylated prothrombin assessed at birth, 5 days, and after 2 weeks of full enteral feeds. Secondary outcome measures included prothrombin time and factor II concentrations.. On day 5, serum vitamin K1 concentrations in the 3 groups ranged widely (2.9-388.0 ng/mL) but were consistently higher than the adult range (0.15-1.55 ng/mL). Presence of vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide on day 5 was strongly associated with higher vitamin K1 bolus doses. Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide was detected in 7 of 29 and 4 of 29 infants from the groups that received 0.5 mg intramuscularly and 0.2 mg intravenously, respectively, but in none of 32 infants from group that received 0.2 mg intramuscularly. After 2 weeks of full enteral feeding, serum vitamin K1 was lower in the infants who received 0.2 mg intravenously compared with the infants in the control group. Three infants from the 0.2-mg groups had undetectable serum vitamin K1 as early as the third postnatal week but without any evidence of even mild functional deficiency, as shown by their normal undercarboxylated prothrombin concentrations.. Vitamin K1 prophylaxis with 0.2 mg administered intramuscularly maintained adequate vitamin K status of preterm infants until a median age of 25 postnatal days and did not cause early vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide accumulation. In contrast, 0.2 mg administered intravenously and 0.5 mg administered intramuscularly led to vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide accumulation, possibly indicating overload of the immature liver. To protect against late vitamin K1 deficiency bleeding, breastfed preterm infants given a 0.2-mg dose of prophylaxis should receive additional supplementation when feeding has been established.

Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamins

We studied babies (22 to 32 weeks gestational age) of mothers wishing to breast-feed. Group 1 received 1 mg of vitamin K and Group 2 received 0.5 mg of vitamin K. The Day 2 plasma levels of vitamin K were 1900 to 2600 times higher on average, and the Day 10 vitamin K levels 550 to 600 times higher on average, relative to normal adult plasma values, whether an initial prophylaxis dose of 0.5 mg or 1 mg was used. We conclude that 0.5 mg as the initial dose of vitamin K intramuscularly or intravenously would likely be more than adequate to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, and that 0.3 mg/per kg may be used for babies with birth weights below 1000 g. To decrease vitamin K intakes in this population, new preparations of total parenteral nutrition multivitamins are needed.

Topics: Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

The objective of this paper is to determine if phenobarbital exposure during pregnancy affects developmental outcome at age 2 years. Between 1991 and 1994, 401 pregnant patients at risk for delivery prior to 34 weeks' gestation were invited to participate; 48 mothers declined entry. Before delivery, pharmacy randomized the pregnant women to receive phenobarbital and vitamin K or identically appearing placebo in a blinded fashion. Developmental follow-up at age 2 years was performed. Children from the treatment group scored significantly lower on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index (mean MDI +/- 1 SD) than children whose mothers were randomized to the placebo group [104 +/- 21 (n = 59) vs. 113 +/- 22 (n = 62), p = 0.023]. Of 36 independent variables, randomization group was one of five that individually contributed to the prediction of the Bayley MDI score (p < 0.05). It was concluded that perinatal phenobarbital therapy may impair developmental outcome.

Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Chi-Square Distribution; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Intelligence; Motor Skills; Phenobarbital; Placebos; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Vitamin K

ōk--q----_xD-xD whether maternal antenatal therapy with vitamin K and phenobarbital prevents intracranial hemorrhage in premature newborns.. Women at high risk for spontaneous or indicated premature delivery before 34 weeks' gestation were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or vitamin K and phenobarbital. All patients received betamethasone and antibiotics and were managed uniformly by a single perinatal group in one hospital. All newborns were managed uniformly in the same nursery by one neonatal group. Two independent interpretations of neonatal head ultrasound examinations were obtained.. The duration of gestation at study entry and at delivery were similar in the placebo (181 mothers) and treatment (191) groups. With the hospital radiology group (the primary interpreter), the incidence rates of severe intracranial hemorrhage (8 versus 7%) and mild intracranial hemorrhage (38 versus 32%) were similar for both groups. With the secondary interpreter (a single pediatric radiologist), the incidence rates of severe intracranial hemorrhage (9 versus 7%) and mild intracranial hemorrhage (27 versus 26%) were also similar. Neonatal mortality was equivalent in both the placebo and treatment groups (8 versus 10%).. Combined antenatal therapy with vitamin K and phenobarbital does not reduce the frequency or severity of intracranial hemorrhage in premature newborns.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Severity of Illness Index; Vitamin K

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Diseases in Twins; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Phenobarbital; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin K

To determine whether antepartum phenobarbital and vitamin K reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns.. Patients at imminent risk for spontaneous or indicated premature delivery between 24-34 weeks' gestation were randomized to receive either placebo or vitamin K and phenobarbital. All patients received betamethasone and antibiotics and were managed uniformly by a single perinatal group in one hospital. All newborns were managed uniformly in the same facility by a single neonatal group.. There was a nonsignificant reduction in all grades of intraventricular hemorrhage in the treatment group when compared to the placebo group (48.2 versus 38.3%; P > .05). Frequencies were reduced for severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grades 3 and 4) (6.0 versus 2.5%; P > .05) and mild intraventricular hemorrhage (grades 1 and 2) (42.2 versus 35.8%; P > .05).. Antepartum phenobarbital and vitamin K effected a nonsignificant reduction in both mild and severe intraventricular hemorrhage. The incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage in our control group was significantly less than that observed in previous studies.

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Vitamin K

The effect of maternal administration of vitamin K1 on cord blood prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, activity of factors II, VII, and X, and antigen levels of factors II and X in infants less than 35 weeks' gestation was evaluated. Pregnant women in preterm labor were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg of vitamin K1 intramuscularly or no injection. If delivery did not occur in 4 days, the dose of vitamin K1 was repeated. Women who continued their pregnancy 4 days beyond the second dose received 20 mg of vitamin K1 orally daily until the end of the 34th week of gestation. The birth weights of infants ranged from 370 to 2550 g and gestational age ranged from 22 to 34 weeks. The prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, factors II, VII, and X activity, and factors II and X antigen levels were not statistically different in either group of infants. Intraventricular hemorrhage occurred in 25 of 51 control infants and 25 of 47 vitamin K-treated infants. More control infants had grade III intraventricular hemorrhage on day 1 (P = .032), but on day 3 and 14 of life, the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage was comparable in both groups. Infants in whom an intraventricular hemorrhage developed were significantly smaller, younger, and more critically ill than infants without intraventricular hemorrhage. Administration of vitamin K1 to pregnant women at less than 35 weeks' gestation does not improve the hemostatic defects nor does it reduce the incidence or severity of intraventricular hemorrhage in their infants.

Topics: Blood Coagulation; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Vitamin K

During the last few decades, the survival of preterm infants has increased dramatically. Nevertheless, with the increasing number of very young and extremely low birth weight infants, morbidity is still a major problem. Intraventricular Haemorrhage (IVH) is a major complication of preterm birth, and large haemorrhages or haemorrhages associated with parenchymal brain lesions may yield a high rate of future disability. IVH is a complex, multi-factorial disorder. Prematurity and low birth weight remain as its most important risk factors, affecting vulnerability of the germinal matrix as well as the coagulation system. Approximately 80% of IVHs occur by 72 h after birth, but a considerable proportion of IVH is already visible on the first cranial ultrasound scan within a few hours of birth. The hypothesis that a severe coagulation deficiency in the premature newborn could be a major contributing factor to IVH has been suggested, and small open label interventional studies targeting the premature coagulation system have been conducted with ethamsylate, vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, recombinant activated factor VII and prothrombin complex concentrate. The outcome of these studies will be reviewed.

Topics: Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Factors; Brain; Cerebral Ventricles; Ethamsylate; Factor VIIa; Gestational Age; Hemostatics; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Plasma; Recombinant Proteins; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin K

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticoagulants; Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Female; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Maxillofacial Abnormalities; Phenprocoumon; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Vitamin K

Topics: Antifibrinolytic Agents; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Pregnancy; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Topics: Blood Coagulation Tests; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Vitamin K

Topics: Blood Coagulation; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Vitamin K

Topics: Biomarkers; Gestational Age; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Milk, Human; Protein Precursors; Prothrombin; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Infants weighing 1500 g or less at birth are susceptible to intraventricular hemorrhage. This may be due in part to low concentrations of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Women in labor between 24-34 weeks' gestation were selected, according to their hospital registration number, to receive 10 mg vitamin K1 intramuscularly at least four hours before delivery. Control women received no vitamin K. The study included only infants born of mothers who were in hospital more than four hours before delivery, who weighed 1500 g or less at birth, and were less than 34 weeks' gestation. Twenty vitamin K1 and 33 control infants qualified for the study. Infants in both groups received routine postnatal vitamin K1. On admission, the infant's prothrombin activity and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were measured. A head ultrasound was done between days 2 and 4 of life. Results demonstrated significantly improved prothrombin activity, a nonsignificant trend toward improved PTT, and a significantly decreased frequency of intraventricular hemorrhage in infants whose mothers had received vitamin K1. The effect of antenatal vitamin K1 on prothrombin activity and PTT appeared to be more pronounced in female infants.

Topics: Blood Coagulation; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Pregnancy; Prothrombin; Sex Factors; Vitamin K

The role of Vit. K prophylaxis in preventing haemorrhagic disease of newborn has been well established for many years. Although the opinions differ on a general prophylaxis and selective prophylaxis i.e. prophylaxis only for newborn at risk. In our hospital only the selective Vit. K prophylaxis was administered to newborns during the last 20 years. We observed a marked reduction in the incidence of haemorrhagic disease of newborn, particularly after the availability of neonatal intensive care unit. This could be attributed to the effectiveness of Vit. K prophylaxis and better neonatal care and observation. Hence, the present study, reinforced by the experience of the past emphasise the efficacy and safety of Vit. K prophylaxis in the prevention of haemorrhagic disease of newborn.

Topics: Blood Coagulation Factors; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Topics: Catheters, Indwelling; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infusions, Intra-Arterial; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Tolazoline; Umbilical Arteries; Vascular Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Blood Coagulation; Breast Feeding; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

A 1,760-G MALE INFANT SURVIVED MASSIVE PUlmonary hemorrhage. The literature is reviewed and the pathophysiologic changes and pathologic findings of this usually lethal complication of prematurity are discussed. Aggressive pulmonary toilet and ventilation seems warranted for these infants.

Topics: Asphyxia; Atropine; Blood Transfusion; Furosemide; Heart Failure; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Lung Diseases; Male; Respiration, Artificial; Vitamin K

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Macrocytic; Animals; Child; Cholestasis; Humans; Hypoprothrombinemias; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: Bilirubin; Blood Group Antigens; Coombs Test; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Hemoglobins; Hot Temperature; Humans; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Injections, Intramuscular; Jaundice, Neonatal; Lighting; Phototherapy; Singapore; Vitamin K

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Coagulation Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Factor V; Factor VIII; Fibrinogen; Heparin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Parenteral Nutrition; Prothrombin Time; Thromboplastin; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Topics: Blood Coagulation Tests; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Prothrombin Time; Time Factors; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Topics: Age Factors; Blood Coagulation Factors; Capillaries; Central Nervous System Diseases; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Factor V; Factor VII; Factor X; Fibrinogen; Gestational Age; Hematocrit; Hemorrhage; Humans; Hyaline Membrane Disease; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Microchemistry; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Vitamin K

Topics: Birth Weight; Chlorpromazine; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Israel; Prednisolone; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Vitamin K

Topics: Bilirubin; Birth Weight; Factor V; Factor VII; Hematocrit; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Jaundice, Neonatal; Phenobarbital; Prothrombin; Vitamin K

Topics: Autopsy; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Blood Coagulation Tests; Blood Transfusion; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fibrinogen; Hemoperitoneum; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infusions, Parenteral; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Punctures; Respiration, Artificial; Vitamin K

Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Animals; Blood Transfusion; Erythrocytes; Heinz Bodies; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Rabbits; Spleen; Vitamin K

Topics: Blood Coagulation Disorders; Blood Coagulation Tests; Capillary Permeability; Drug Therapy; Factor V; Factor VII; Fibrinogen; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Prothrombin Time; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Topics: Africa, Central; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Black People; Cold Temperature; Glucose; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Injections; Injections, Intramuscular; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Vitamin K; Zimbabwe

Topics: Athetosis; Audiometry; Blindness; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Congenital Abnormalities; Deafness; Dwarfism; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Follow-Up Studies; Hemiplegia; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Hyperopia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Intellectual Disability; Myopia; Neurology; Paraplegia; Seizures; Speech Disorders; Vitamin K

Topics: Bilirubin; Blood Chemical Analysis; Erythrocytes; Heinz Bodies; Hematologic Tests; Hematology; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Jaundice; Jaundice, Neonatal; Plasma; Toxicology; Vitamin K

Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetanilides; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Antipyretics; Bilirubin; Erythrocytes; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucuronates; Glutathione; Hemolysis; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Pharmacology; Toxicology; Vitamin K

Topics: Child; Hemorrhage; Humans; Hypoprothrombinemias; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K; Vitamin K 1

Topics: Antifibrinolytic Agents; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K; Vitamin K 1; Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Topics: Antifibrinolytic Agents; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hemolytic; Child; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hemolytic; Child; Humans; Inclusion Bodies; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hemolytic; Child; Humans; Infant; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Lung; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Child; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Vitamin K