vitamin-k-semiquinone-radical and Hypercholesterolemia

To elucidate predisposing factors for enlargement of intracerebral hematoma (ICH) during warfarin therapy, we reviewed 47 patients on warfarin who developed acute ICH and determined relationships among ICH enlargement, INR reversal and clinical data. Among 36 patients treated to counteract the effects of warfarin within 24 h of onset, ICH increased in 10 patients (enlarged group), but remained unchanged in the remaining 26 (unchanged group), while ICH remained unchanged in another 11 patients in whom the effect of warfarin was reversed after 24 h. The international normalized ratio (INR) was counteracted immediately in 11 patients treated with prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) but gradually in the other 36 treated by reducing the dose of warfarin, or by administering vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma. Multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model showed an INR value <2.0 at admission or for 24 h after immediate INR correction with PCC prevented ICH enlargement (OR 0.069, 95%CI 0.006-0.789, p = 0.031). An INR value of >2.0 within 24 h of ICH seems an important predisposing factor for ICH enlargement.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; International Normalized Ratio; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vitamin K; Warfarin

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a plant sterol mixture would reduce serum cholesterol when added to low fat dairy products in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia, and to examine the effects of the mixture on the serum plant sterol and fat-soluble vitamin levels.. A parallel, double-blind study.. The study was performed in three different locations in Finland.. In total, 164 mildly or moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects participated in the study.. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: a plant sterol group and a control group. The subjects consumed the products for 6 weeks after a 3-week run-in period. The targeted plant sterol intake was 2 g/day in the sterol group.. During the treatment period, there was a 6.5% reduction in serum total cholesterol in the sterol group while no change was observed in the control group (P<0.0005). Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was reduced by 10.4% in the sterol group and by 0.6% in the control group (P<0.00005). There was no change during the trial in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations. The HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio increased by 16.1% in the sterol group and by 4.3% in the control group (P=0.0001). Serum plant sterol levels increased significantly (P=0.0001) in the sterol group. None of the fat-soluble vitamin levels decreased significantly when changes in serum total cholesterol were taken into account. The hypocholesterolaemic effect of sterol administration was not influenced by apolipoprotein E phenotype.. Yoghurt, low-fat hard cheese and low-fat fresh cheese enriched with a plant sterol mixture reduced serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic subjects and no adverse effects were noted in the dietary control of hypercholesterolaemia.

Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Apolipoproteins E; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Dairy Products; Double-Blind Method; Female; Food, Fortified; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Phytosterols; Safety; Triglycerides; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Spreads enriched with plant sterol and stanol esters have been shown to possess similar cholesterol-lowering properties; however, their comparative capacity to alter circulating levels of other fat-soluble compounds has not been fully assessed. To compare actions of sterol and stanol ester consumption on serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations, 15 hypercholesterolemic subjects were fed each of 3 fixed foods treatment diets over 21 days using a randomized crossover controlled design. Diets contained either (1) margarine (M), (2) margarine with sterol esters (MSE; 1.92 g/d), or (3) margarine with stanol esters (MSA; 1.76 g/d). No significant differences were found in initial or final serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations among the 3 phases. Serum retinol and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations at baseline and endpoint and percentage changes relative to baseline for MSE and MSA were not significantly different from those of the M diet. After adjusting for total cholesterol reduction, no changes for alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were found. Serum vitamins D and K, lycopene, and lutein concentrations and percentage changes did not differ across diets. Serum concentrations at baseline and endpoint and percentage changes for alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin and alpha- and gamma-carotene were not different among the diets, nor did serum alpha- and gamma-carotene concentrations to total cholesterol ratios differ. Serum lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, and alpha-carotene concentrations increased over time. In conclusion, our results show no effect of consumption of esterified plant sterols or stanols on serum fat-soluble vitamin or carotenoid concentrations compared with a control diet.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Tocopherol; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Cross-Over Studies; Cryptoxanthins; Diet; Double-Blind Method; gamma-Tocopherol; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Lutein; Male; Margarine; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Phytosterols; Placebos; Sitosterols; Solubility; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Xanthophylls

To investigate the dose-response relationship between cholesterol lowering and three different, relatively low intake levels of plant sterols (0.83, 1.61, 3.24 g/d) from spreads. To investigate the effects on lipid-soluble (pro)vitamins.. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled balanced incomplete Latin square design using five spreads and four periods. The five study spreads included butter, a commercially available spread and three experimental spreads fortified with three different concentrations of plant sterols.. One hundred apparently healthy normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic volunteers participated.. Each subject consumed four spreads, each for a period of 3.5 week.. Compared to the control spread, total cholesterol decreased by 0.26 (CI: 0.15-0.36), 0.31 (CI: 0.20-0.41) and 0.35 (CI: 0.25-0.46) mmol/L, for daily consumption of 0.83, 1.61 and 3.24 g plant sterols, respectively. For LDL-cholesterol these decreases were 0.20 (CI: 0.10-0.31), 0.26 (CI: 0.15-0.36) and 0.30 (CI: 0.20-0.41). Decreases in the LDL/HDL ratio were 0.13 (CI: 0.04-0.22), 0.16 (CI: 0.07-0.24) and 0.16 (CI: 0.07-0.24) units, respectively. Differences in cholesterol reductions between the plant sterol doses consumed were not statistically significant. Plasma vitamin K1 and 25-OH-vitamin D and lipid standardized plasma lycopene and alpha-tocopherol were not affected by consumption of plant sterol enriched spreads, but lipid standardized plasma (alpha + beta)-carotene concentrations were decreased by about 11 and 19% by daily consumption of 0.83 and 3.24 g plant sterols in spread, respectively.. The three relatively low dosages of plant sterols had a significant cholesterol lowering effect ranging from 4.9-6.8%, 6.7-9.9% and 6.5-7.9%, for total, LDL-cholesterol and the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, respectively, without substantially affecting lipid soluble (pro)vitamins. No significant differences in cholesterol lowering effect between the three dosages of plant sterols could be detected. This study would support that consumption of about 1.6 g of plant sterols per day will beneficially affect plasma cholesterol concentrations without seriously affecting plasma carotenoid concentrations.

Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Butter; Carotenoids; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Lycopene; Male; Margarine; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Topics: Anticoagulants; Atrial Fibrillation; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypercholesterolemia; Obesity; Primary Prevention; Vitamin K

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) on the incidence of age related macular degeneration (AMD).. The study included 292 individuals (187 women, 105 men, aged 45-94 (mean 73.2 ± 10.2 years). All individuals completed a survey and underwent a full eye examination. Patients were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of degenerative changes at the bottom of an eye: group D - 80 patients with drusen (23 men and 57 women), 27,4% of studied population, group GA - 25 patients with geographic atrophy (10 men, 15 women), 8,56% of studied population, group CNV - 52 patients with neovascular form of AMD (28 men, 24 women), 17,81% of studied population, group Z - 135 healthy people (44 men, 91 women), 46,23% of studied population. Among study group 79 patients (27,1%) used aspirin, 32 people (11%) used vitamin K antagonists (acenocoumarol or warfarin), 181 people (61,9%) didn't use any drug.. Patients from D and CNV group took ASA and VKA more often than patients from GA and Z group. The percentages were: in a group Z - 30,37%, in group D - 46,25%, in group GA - 32%, in group CNV - 48,08% (p=0,0407). There was no relationship between belonging to a group and use of ASA (p=0,3169). A statistically significant relationship between belonging to a group and use of VKA was discovered. The number of people using VKA in group D and CNV was statistically significantly higher than in the healthy control group and percentage were as follows: in group Z - 8,15%, in group D - 17,5%, in group GA 0%, in group CNV - 13,46% (p=0,0159). Patient groups differed statistically significantly due to age (p=0,0043), sex (p=0,0197), family history of macular diseases (p <0,0001), smoking (p=0,011), prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (p=0,0437), ischemic heart disease (p= 0,0173). The consumption of fish at least once a week and eating fruits and vegetables more often than once a day was associated with a reduced incidence of AMD p=0,0009, p=0,0003. Patients without AMD assessed their quality of life at a higher level than people with AMD (p<0,0001). ASA and VKA intake was found not to be an independent risk factor for AMD. Positive family history was an independent risk factor for AMD in all groups. Also age ≥75, fish consumption > 1 week, male gender were independent risk factors for AMD in specified groups.. Patients with drusen and exudative form of AMD took ASA and VKA more often than healthy people and patients with geographic atrophy. ASA or VKA intake was found not to be an independent risk factor for AMD. Positive family history was an independent risk factor for AMD in all groups. In selected groups: age ≥75, male gender and reduced consumption of fish was found to be an independent risk factor for AMD. Number of people taking ASA and VKA is increasing and further studies are needed to assess their impact on the organ of vision.

Topics: Acenocoumarol; Aged; Anticoagulants; Aspirin; Case-Control Studies; Causality; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Incidence; Macular Degeneration; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Smoking; Vitamin K; Warfarin

Topics: Calcium, Dietary; Colorectal Neoplasms; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Magnesium; Osteoporosis; Premenstrual Syndrome; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Weight Gain

To investigate the relationship among lipids, coagulation and thrombosis in the absence of atherosclerosis, spontaneous or dietary-induced hyperlipidemic (FHL) rats were studied. FHL showed higher levels of coagulation factors VII, IX, X, VIII and XII and a shortening of the occlusion time (OT) of an artificial arterial prosthesis as compared with normolipidemic (FNL) animals. Damage of abdominal aorta of FHL was followed by increased fibrin deposition in the vascular intima as compared to FNL. After 5 months of cholesterol-rich diet FNL showed increased cholesterol, triglycerides and factor II, VII, IX, X, XII levels. A significant shortening of the OT and increased fibrin deposition was also observed. Two-month diet withdrawal restored the initial condition. Warfarin treatment, at a dose decreasing vitamin K-dependent factor to levels found in FNL, prolonged the OT and reduced fibrin deposition, without modifying F XII or changing lipid profile. An increase in the activated form of F VII was observed. In contrast, no difference was found in F VII clearance. High lipid levels favour the process of thrombus formation by increasing the activation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Low-dose warfarin treatment reverts the prothrombotic effect of hyperlipidemia.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anticoagulants; Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Diseases; Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet, Atherogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Activation; Factor VII; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertriglyceridemia; Postoperative Complications; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thrombophilia; Thrombosis; Vitamin K; Warfarin

Gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing protein, synthesized in the presence of vitamin K, has been found in atherogenic plaques, but the pharmacological effect of vitamin K on atherosclerosis is unclear. We examined whether vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) could affect the progression of both atherosclerosis and hypercoagulability in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Vitamin K2 in daily doses of 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg was given with a 0.5% cholesterol diet for 10 weeks to 8 rabbits each. The plasma levels of total-cholesterol in the vitamin K2-treated groups were clearly lower than that of the hypercholesterolemic control group. The excessive dose of vitamin K2, even at the high dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks, did not accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis and did not promote the coagulative tendency in the rabbits. In contrast, the vitamin K2 treatment (1 to 10 mg/kg/day) suppressed the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, intima-thickening and pulmonary atherosclerosis, the increase of ester-cholesterol deposition in the aorta, and both the elevation in plasma factor X level and increase in Hepaplastin test value in the rabbits. These results indicate that the pharmacological dose of vitamin K2 prevents both the progression of atherosclerosis and the coagulative tendency by reducing the total-cholesterol, lipid peroxidation and factor X activity in plasma, and the ester-cholesterol deposition in the aorta in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

Topics: Animals; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Coagulation; Hemostatics; Hypercholesterolemia; Lipid Peroxides; Male; Rabbits; Vitamin K; Vitamin K 2

Topics: Blood Coagulation Disorders; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Prothrombin Time; Vitamin K

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cholesterol; Diet; Hypercholesterolemia; Prednisolone; Rabbits; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins