vitamin-k-semiquinone-radical and Fatty-Liver

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of bacteria, most of which are commensal and have adapted over time to the milieu of the human colon. Their many metabolic interactions with each other, and with the human host, influence human nutrition and metabolism in diverse ways. Our understanding of these influences has come through breakthroughs in the molecular profiling of the phylogeny and the metabolic capacities of the microbiota. The gut microbiota produce a variety of nutrients including short-chain fatty acids, B vitamins, and vitamin K. Because of their ability to interact with receptors on epithelial cells and subepithelial cells, the microbiota also release a number of cellular factors that influence human metabolism. Thus, they have potential roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cognition, which extend well beyond their traditional contribution to nutrition. This review explores the roles of the gut microbiota in human nutrition and metabolism, and the putative mechanisms underlying these effects.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cognition Disorders; Diabetes Mellitus; Energy Metabolism; Epithelial Cells; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fatty Liver; Fermentation; Food; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Minerals; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Obesity; Proteins; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin K

Primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune cholangiopathy are cholestatic liver diseases of unknown cause. Destruction of small to medium bile ducts (in primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune cholangiopathy) and large bile ducts (in primary sclerosing cholangitis) leads to progressive cholestasis, liver failure and end-stage liver disease. A variety of abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been described in primary biliary cirrhosis, and range from alterations in serum lipid levels and lipoprotein subsets to deranged metabolism of cholesterol. Progressive cholestasis and, consequently, decreased small intestinal bile acid concentrations in these cholestatic liver disease can also lead to impaired absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, resulting in steatorrhea and deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, and K. This article focuses on abnormalities in lipid metabolism in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, and on lipid-activated vitamin deficiencies in these disorders.

Topics: Avitaminosis; Cholangitis, Sclerosing; Cholestasis; Chronic Disease; Fatty Liver; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Malabsorption Syndromes; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Diagnosis; Diet; Diet Therapy; Fatty Liver; Humans; Physiology; Rest; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Calcium, Dietary; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Liver; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Iron; Micronutrients; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Trace Elements; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

A case of idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy with survival of mother and child is reported. The management of this condition is essentially supportive; coagulation disturbances may require special attention. Maternal survival should be the major consideration and is favourably influenced by early delivery. Fetal monitoring aids obstetric management and may indirectly improve fetal survival. Evidence from the literature suggests that the condition does not usually recur in subsequent pregnancies.

Topics: Adult; Blood Transfusion; Diet Therapy; Fatty Liver; Female; Furosemide; Glucose; Humans; Neomycin; Posture; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Vitamin K

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Blood Coagulation Tests; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Cholesterol; Fatty Liver; Female; gamma-Globulins; Halothane; Hepatitis A; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Serum Albumin; Vitamin K

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Biopsy; Brain Diseases; Fatty Liver; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Liver; Virus Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Ammonia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticonvulsants; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Glucose; Brain Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Consciousness; Electroencephalography; Fatty Liver; Female; Glucocorticoids; Glucose; Hepatitis; Humans; Insulin; Intracranial Pressure; Kidney Diseases; Male; Prognosis; Seizures; Vitamin K

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Bone Marrow Examination; Digestive System; Fatty Liver; Heparin; Kidney; Lanthanum; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Lung; Male; Myocardium; Pancreas; Rabbits; Rats; Spleen; Testis; Vitamin K

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Choline; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Drinking Behavior; Fatty Liver; Feces; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Hemorrhage; Male; Nitrogen; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Organ Size; Rats; Time Factors; Urine; Vitamin K

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Apnea; Biopsy, Needle; Blood Transfusion; Brain Diseases; Electroencephalography; Fatty Liver; Fever; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Infant; Liver; Male; Neomycin; Peritoneal Dialysis; Reye Syndrome; Unconsciousness; Vitamin K; Vomiting

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Brain Diseases; Fatty Liver; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Infant; Kidney Diseases; Virus Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Brain Diseases; Child, Preschool; Fatty Liver; Glucose; Hepatitis; Humans; Insulin; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mannitol; Peritoneal Dialysis; Remission, Spontaneous; Vitamin K

Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Dogs; Fatty Liver; Female; Fever; Hemorrhage; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Necrosis; Nephrosis; Rats; Sodium; Species Specificity; Sulfites; Vitamin K

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cholesterol; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Liver; Geriatrics; Hepatitis; Hypervitaminosis A; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Toxicology; Vitamin K

Topics: Biopsy; Fatty Liver; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Addison Disease; Fatty Liver; Liver Diseases; Steatorrhea; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins