vitamin-k-semiquinone-radical and Brain-Diseases

Paediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is defined as a biochemical evidence of acute liver injury in a child with no previous history of chronic liver disease characterised by an international normalised ratio (INR) of 1·5 or more unresponsive to vitamin K with encephalopathy, or INR of 2·0 or more with or without encephalopathy. PALF can rapidly progress to multiorgan dysfunction or failure. Although the transplant era has substantially changed the outlook for these patients, transplantation itself is not without risks, including those associated with life-long immunosuppression. Consequently, there has been an increased focus on improving medical management to prioritise bridging of patients to native liver survival, which is possible due to improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of multiorgan involvement in PALF. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the medical management of PALF with an aim of reducing the need for liver transplantation. The Review will focus on the non-specific immune-mediated inflammatory response, extracorporeal support devices, neuromonitoring and neuroprotection, and emerging cellular and novel future therapeutic options.

Topics: Brain Diseases; Child; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Liver Transplantation; Vitamin K

The use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) is associated with the onset of vascular and soft-tissue calcifications. Whether there are more intracranial calcifications under VKA remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether the regular use of VKA in older adults was associated with an increased burden of intracranial calcifications compared with the use of direct oral anticoagulant (DOA).. Nineteen patients aged 70 years or more using VKA for more than 3 months and 19 controls (matched for age, gender and indication for anticoagulation) using DOA for more than 3 months were consecutively included in this study.. The burden of intracranial calcifications was graded by an experienced neuroradiologist from 0 (no burden) to 3 (high burden) according to the quantity, size, intensity and confluence of calcifications on computed tomography scan of the brain. Age, gender, frontal assessment battery (FAB) score, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, carotid artery stenosis, kidney failure and indication for anticoagulation were investigated as potential confounders.. The 19 patients using VKA (median[IQR], 84years[7]; 10females) exhibited a greater burden of falcian calcifications than the 19 controls using DOA (respectively, 2[1] versus 1[2], P = 0.025). Overall, we found that using VKA was directly associated with the global burden of intracranial calcifications (β = 1.54, P = 0.049). No correlation was found with calcifications in sites other than the falx cerebri.. The use of VKA was associated with a greater burden of intracranial calcifications compared with the use of DOA, specifically in the falx cerebri. This finding may explain part of the neurocognitive morbidity met with VKA.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Brain Diseases; Calcinosis; Dura Mater; Female; France; Humans; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vitamin K

Nutritional encephalopathy was induced in young chicks by vitamin E-deficient diets containing either 4% methyl esters of safflower oil or 10% thermally oxidized safflower oil. The coccidiostat nicarbazin (an equimolecular complex of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide and 2-hydroxy 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine) reduced the incidence of encephalopathy, but zoalene (3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide) and amprolium [1-(4-amino-2-n-propyl-5-pyrimidinylmethyl)-2-picolinium chloride hydrochloride] did not. Neither of the two components of nicarbazin affected the rate of development of encephalopathy when fed separately, but when included together in the diet, they reduced the incidence of the disease.

Topics: Animals; Brain Diseases; Carbanilides; Chickens; Coccidiostats; Diet; Male; Nicarbazin; Poultry Diseases; Safflower Oil; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Biopsy; Brain Diseases; Fatty Liver; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Liver; Virus Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Ammonia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticonvulsants; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Glucose; Brain Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Consciousness; Electroencephalography; Fatty Liver; Female; Glucocorticoids; Glucose; Hepatitis; Humans; Insulin; Intracranial Pressure; Kidney Diseases; Male; Prognosis; Seizures; Vitamin K

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Apnea; Biopsy, Needle; Blood Transfusion; Brain Diseases; Electroencephalography; Fatty Liver; Fever; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Infant; Liver; Male; Neomycin; Peritoneal Dialysis; Reye Syndrome; Unconsciousness; Vitamin K; Vomiting

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Brain Diseases; Fatty Liver; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Infant; Kidney Diseases; Virus Diseases; Vitamin K

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Brain Diseases; Child, Preschool; Fatty Liver; Glucose; Hepatitis; Humans; Insulin; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mannitol; Peritoneal Dialysis; Remission, Spontaneous; Vitamin K

Topics: Animals; Brain Diseases; Chickens; Female; Muscular Dystrophies; Naphthoquinones; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prothrombin Time; Rabbits; Rats; Retinoids; Ubiquinone; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Antimalarials; Brain Diseases; Cerebral Palsy; Chloramphenicol; Genetics, Medical; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Glucosephosphates; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice; Jaundice, Neonatal; Naphthalenes; Nitrofurantoin; Phenylhydrazines; Pregnancy; Quinidine; Sulfonamides; Thailand; Toxicology; Vitamin K