vitamin-k-semiquinone-radical and Avitaminosis

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin K

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that catalyze metabolic reactions. They also function as electron donors, antioxidants or transcription effectors. They can be extracted from food and supplements, or in some cases, synthesized by our body or gut microbiome. Severe vitamin deficiencies result in systemic complications, including the development of scurvy, rickets, pellagra, and beriberi. Some moderate and severe deficiencies also result in oral conditions. A lower intake of vitamin A has been associated with decreased oral epithelial development, impaired tooth formation, enamel hypoplasia and periodontitis. Vitamin D deficiency during tooth development may result in non-syndromic amelogenesis and dentinogenesis imperfecta, enamel and dentin hypoplasia, and dysplasia. Clinical studies have demonstrated an association between vitamin D's endocrine effects and periodontitis. On the other hand, no significant association has been found between cariogenic activity and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin C deficiency results in changes in the gingivae and bone, as well as xerostomia; while vitamin B deficiencies are associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, enamel hypomineralization, cheilosis, cheilitis, halitosis, gingivitis, glossitis, atrophy of the lingual papillae, stomatitis, rashes around the nose, dysphagia, and pallor. The effects of vitamins E and K on oral health are not as clear as those of other vitamins. However, vitamin K has a systemic effect (increasing the risk of haemorrhage), which may affect individuals undergoing oral surgery or suffering an oral injury. Health care professionals need to be aware of the effects of vitamins on oral health to provide the best available care for their patients.

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Oral Health; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Indiscriminate use of multivitamin/mineral supplements in the general population may be misguided, but patients with chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) should be monitored and compensated for nutritional deficiencies. Mechanistic links between vitamin/mineral deficiencies and IBD pathology has been found for some micronutrients and normalizing their levels is clinically beneficial. Others, like vitamin A, although instinctively desirable, produced disappointing results. Restoring normal levels of the selected micronutrients requires elevated doses to compensate for defects in absorptive or signaling mechanisms. This article describes some aspects of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in IBD, and summarizes pros and cons of supplementation.

Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Animals; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Calcium; Cholecalciferol; Dietary Supplements; Folic Acid; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Iron; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Zinc

The prevalence of asthma and other atopic disorders continues to increase worldwide. Examination of the epidemiologic patterns has revealed that this rise has occurred primarily in western, industrialised countries and countries transitioning to this lifestyle. While many changes have occurred in human populations over the years, it has been hypothesised that some of the relevant changes that have led to the rise in asthma and atopic disorders have been the changes from a traditional diet to a more western diet consisting of decreased intake of fruits and vegetables (sources of antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids) leading to decreased intakes of vitamins E and A, and a decrease in sun exposure (e.g. greater time spent indoors and heavy use of sunscreen) leading to decreased circulating levels of vitamin D. This review will examine the evidence for an effect of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D and K) on the development and severity of asthma and allergies. While observational studies suggest that these vitamins may play a salutary role in asthma and allergies, large, well-designed clinical trials are lacking. Of the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin D holds great promise as an agent for primary and secondary prevention of disease. Ongoing clinical trials will help determine whether results of observational studies can be applied to the clinical setting.

Topics: Animals; Asthma; Avitaminosis; Diet; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Osteoporosis is a major health disorder associated with an increased risk of fracture. Nutrition is among the modifiable factors that influence the risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Calcium and vitamin D play important roles in improving bone mineral density and reducing the risk of fracture. Other vitamins appear to play a role in bone health as well. In this review, the findings of studies that related the intake and/or the status of vitamins other than vitamin D to bone health in animals and humans are summarized. Studies of vitamin A showed inconsistent results. Excessive, as well as insufficient, levels of retinol intake may be associated with compromised bone health. Deficiencies in vitamin B, along with the consequent elevated homocysteine level, are associated with bone loss, decreased bone strength, and increased risk of fracture. Deficiencies in vitamins C, E, and K are also associated with compromised bone health; this effect may be modified by smoking, estrogen use or hormonal therapy after menopause, calcium intake, and vitamin D. These findings highlight the importance of adequate nutrition in preserving bone mass and reducing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Bone and Bones; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Nutritional Status; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

This article provides an update on fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) in the healthy pediatric population and in children with chronic disease states that commonly cause deficiencies, specifically cystic fibrosis and cholestatic liver disease. For each fat-soluble vitamin, the biological function, nutrition availability, absorption, deficiency, toxic states, and monitoring parameters are defined.

Topics: Avitaminosis; Child; Cholestasis; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Pediatrics; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Humans; Hypervitaminosis A; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Rickets; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Although vitamin deficiency is encountered infrequently in developed countries, inadequate intake of several vitamins is associated with chronic disease.. To review the clinically important vitamins with regard to their biological effects, food sources, deficiency syndromes, potential for toxicity, and relationship to chronic disease.. We searched MEDLINE for English-language articles about vitamins in relation to chronic diseases and their references published from 1966 through January 11, 2002.. We reviewed articles jointly for the most clinically important information, emphasizing randomized trials where available.. Our review of 9 vitamins showed that elderly people, vegans, alcohol-dependent individuals, and patients with malabsorption are at higher risk of inadequate intake or absorption of several vitamins. Excessive doses of vitamin A during early pregnancy and fat-soluble vitamins taken anytime may result in adverse outcomes. Inadequate folate status is associated with neural tube defect and some cancers. Folate and vitamins B(6) and B(12) are required for homocysteine metabolism and are associated with coronary heart disease risk. Vitamin E and lycopene may decrease the risk of prostate cancer. Vitamin D is associated with decreased occurrence of fractures when taken with calcium.. Some groups of patients are at higher risk for vitamin deficiency and suboptimal vitamin status. Many physicians may be unaware of common food sources of vitamins or unsure which vitamins they should recommend for their patients. Vitamin excess is possible with supplementation, particularly for fat-soluble vitamins. Inadequate intake of several vitamins has been linked to chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Blood Coagulation; Breast Neoplasms; Carotenoids; Chronic Disease; Colorectal Neoplasms; Coronary Disease; Dietary Supplements; Female; Folic Acid; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasms; Neural Tube Defects; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune cholangiopathy are cholestatic liver diseases of unknown cause. Destruction of small to medium bile ducts (in primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune cholangiopathy) and large bile ducts (in primary sclerosing cholangitis) leads to progressive cholestasis, liver failure and end-stage liver disease. A variety of abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been described in primary biliary cirrhosis, and range from alterations in serum lipid levels and lipoprotein subsets to deranged metabolism of cholesterol. Progressive cholestasis and, consequently, decreased small intestinal bile acid concentrations in these cholestatic liver disease can also lead to impaired absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, resulting in steatorrhea and deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, and K. This article focuses on abnormalities in lipid metabolism in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, and on lipid-activated vitamin deficiencies in these disorders.

Topics: Avitaminosis; Cholangitis, Sclerosing; Cholestasis; Chronic Disease; Fatty Liver; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Malabsorption Syndromes; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Vitamin supplementation in large dosages is increasingly common in the older population. Often, such supplementation is used in an attempt to improve an individual's health status. There have been claims that the effects of vitamins halt the normal aging process or prevent and cure disease. However, several recent studies have failed to demonstrate the efficacy of vitamin supplementation in preventing several types of cancer. In moderate dosages, supplementation with vitamin E (tocopherols) shows promise as a lipid antioxidant, and may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. However, before vitamin E becomes an accepted medical therapy, further long term studies must be undertaken to examine the safety and efficacy of such therapy. An adequate intake of vitamins should be ensured by adherence to a well balanced diet. However, the elderly are prone to circumstances that may prevent them from eating a balanced diet. In addition, there are several age-related medical conditions that may predispose individuals to dietary and vitamin deficiencies. To prevent vitamin deficiency diseases and their associated morbidity, modest vitamin supplementation may be necessary. However, supplementation should be reserved for individuals with documented deficiency or who are at risk of developing such deficiencies, especially those who are homebound or institutionalised. Vitamins taken in large dosages should be considered as drugs. These medicines, which are obtainable over-the-counter, should be carefully regulated to prevent toxicity.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Carotenoids; Dietary Supplements; Drug Interactions; Humans; Middle Aged; Retinoids; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins (except vitamin K) are protein bounded with subsequent storage in the body. It is generally accepted that plasma level of vitamin A is increased in majority of patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) including those on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Thus, there is no need to supplement this vitamin in CRI patients (pts). Plasma level of vitamin E in CRI pts may be elevated, normal or decreased. It seems to be justified to supplement this vitamin, in spite of its normal plasma level, in case platelet aggregation is increased. Both in dialyzed and nondialyzed CRI pts a normal serum level of vitamin K has been observed. Decreased or extremely low serum level of vitamin D following the gradual loss of renal tissue is to be observed in CRI pts. This deficit is regarded as the main factor leading to the decrease in serum level of calcium, the secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone changes. Treatment with 1.25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) proved to be most successful in alleviation of symptoms resulting from the deficit of vitamin D3 in the body. Intravenous "pulsating" administration of calcitriol results in rapid normalization of serum PTH level. Treatment with 25(OH)D3 (calcidiol) given orally 3 times a week ("pulsating" method) revealed also fairly good results in this respect. During treatment with vitamin D3 hypercalcemia tends to develop, serum alkaline phosphatase normalizes, elevated PTH serum level decreases. Vitamin D metabolites are less active than 1.25(OH)2D3 being less hypercalcemic.

Topics: Avitaminosis; Calcitriol; Calcium; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Topics: Avitaminosis; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Nutritional Requirements; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamins

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Calcium; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Collagen; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Osteocalcin; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Chronic alcoholics frequently have evidence of nutritional deficiency due to decreased intake, reduced uptake and impaired utilisation of nutrients. The alcoholic has increased nutrient requirements due to greater metabolic demands and the need for tissue repair. Chronic alcohol-related brain damage can often be a direct result of nutrient depletion, particularly of the vitamins thiamine, B12, nicotinamide and pyridoxine. Lesser degrees of brain damage are frequently unrecognised, and by the time a vitamin deficiency syndrome has developed and been diagnosed, irreversible damage has often occurred. The development of suitable computerised psychometric tests may allow earlier detection of brain malfunction associated with malnutrition, which can be reversed by nutrient repletion before permanent damage occurs. Circulating levels of vitamins can be a valuable guide to nutritional status, although care is needed when interpreting the results of such tests in the alcoholic. Sensitive microbiological and biochemical tests for assessing vitamin status in man have been available for some years, and in addition, new biochemical methods are constantly being developed. It is important that such methods are evaluated, and possibly adapted for clinical use where appropriate. Newer methods may have significant advantages over older, more established techniques. For thiamine and pyridoxine, for example, methods now exist to determine accurately circulating levels of the active forms of these vitamins, which could give more direct assessment of vitamin status than earlier methodology that uses indirect measurements, such as red cell enzyme activities. On the other hand, in the case of folate and B12, there has been a tendency to opt for the easy-to-perform radioassay techniques, when in fact the earlier microbiological methods offer greater sensitivity and probably also better accuracy. Technically difficult assays should not be disregarded if they can give information which is of greater clinical use than a simpler assay technique. Clinical laboratories should always bear in mind what their vitamin methods are actually measuring, particular consideration being given to whether metabolically inactive forms or analogues are determined in the assay. This can be of importance to the interpretation of vitamin data in the alcoholic, who often has problems forming active vitamins from their precursors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topics: Alcoholism; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Ethanol; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Requirements; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Aged; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Calcium; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Thrombosis; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Birth Weight; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Iron; Pregnancy; Time Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Calcium; Contraceptives, Oral; Copper; Female; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Iron; Metals; Middle Aged; Nicotinic Acids; Nutritional Requirements; Pregnancy; Riboflavin Deficiency; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Zinc

Topics: Animals; Avitaminosis; Bacteria; Blood Coagulation; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Electron Transport; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Light; Lipids; Methods; Mice; Nutritional Requirements; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Plants; Quinones; Rabbits; Rats; Ubiquinone; Viruses; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Enzymes; Metabolism; Research; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamin (FSV) deficiency is a well-recognized consequence of cholestatic liver disease and reduced intestinal intraluminal bile acid. We hypothesized that serum bile acid (SBA) would predict biochemical FSV deficiency better than serum total bilirubin (TB) level in infants with biliary atresia.. Infants enrolled in the Trial of Corticosteroid Therapy in Infants with Biliary Atresia after hepatoportoenterostomy were the subjects of this investigation. Infants received standardized FSV supplementation and monitoring of TB, SBA, and vitamin levels at 1, 3, and 6 months. A logistic regression model was used with the binary indicator variable insufficient/sufficient as the outcome variable. Linear and nonparametric correlations were made between specific vitamin measurement levels and either TB or SBA.. The degree of correlation for any particular vitamin at a specific time point was higher with TB than with SBA (higher for TB in 31 circumstances vs 3 circumstances for SBA). Receiver operating characteristic curve shows that TB performed better than SBA (area under the curve 0.998 vs 0.821). Including both TB and SBA did not perform better than TB alone (area under the curve 0.998).. We found that TB was a better predictor of FSV deficiency than SBA in infants with biliary atresia. The role of SBA as a surrogate marker of FSV deficiency in other cholestatic liver diseases, such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, and Alagille syndrome in which the pathophysiology is dominated by intrahepatic cholestasis, warrants further study.

Topics: Avitaminosis; Bile Acids and Salts; Biliary Atresia; Bilirubin; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U.S.); Placebos; Prospective Studies; United States; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamin (FSV) deficiencies are common complications in pediatric patients with chronic cholestasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of FSV deficiencies in patients under present practice and to test the effect of an oral, absorbable, fat-soluble vitamin formulation (OAFSV) in these patients.. We recruited a total of 23 pediatric patients receiving conventional FSV supplementation in a single medical center, with diagnosis of biliary atresia (10), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (9), Alagille syndrome (2), and other conditions (2). Ten patients switched to OAFSV and continued for 3 months. Plasma levels of vitamins A, D, and E and an international normalized ratio (INR) for prothrombin time (PT), a surrogate marker for vitamin K deficiency, were measured.. The proportion of patients with FSV A, D, E, and K deficiencies under conventional supplementation was 73.9%, 81.8%, 91.3%, and 20.0%, respectively. In patients with total bilirubin levels ≥3.0  mg/dL, the proportion of at least 1 FSV deficiency was 100%; and the deficiency rates of vitamin A, D, E, and K were 78.6%, 100.0%, 100.0% and 21.4%, respectively. Of the 10 patients receiving standard daily dose of OAFSV for 3 months, no adverse events or overdose effects were found. The rates of vitamin A, D, and E deficiency in the patients receiving OAFSV decreased from 80.0%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, to 70.0%, 60.0%, and 60.0% after 3 months of oral supplementation.. High rates of FSV deficiency were found in pediatric patients with chronic cholestasis under present follow-up. OAFSV supplementation is safe and potentially effective in pediatric patients with cholestasis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Alagille Syndrome; Avitaminosis; Biliary Atresia; Bilirubin; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholestasis; Cholestasis, Intrahepatic; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Solubility; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Cholestasis predisposes to fat-soluble vitamin (FSV) deficiencies. A liquid multiple FSV preparation made with tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS) is frequently used in infants with biliary atresia (BA) because of ease of administration and presumed efficacy. In this prospective multicenter study, we assessed the prevalence of FSV deficiency in infants with BA who received this FSV/TPGS preparation.. Infants received FSV/TPGS coadministered with additional vitamin K as routine clinical care in a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroid therapy after hepatoportoenterostomy (HPE) for BA (identifier NCT 00294684). Levels of FSV, retinol binding protein, total serum lipids, and total bilirubin (TB) were measured 1, 3, and 6 months after HPE.. Ninety-two infants with BA were enrolled in this study. Biochemical evidence of FSV insufficiency was common at all time points for vitamin A (29%-36% of patients), vitamin D (21%-37%), vitamin K (10%-22%), and vitamin E (16%-18%). Vitamin levels were inversely correlated with serum TB levels. Biochemical FSV insufficiency was much more common (15%-100% for the different vitamins) in infants whose TB was ≥2 mg/dL. At 3 and 6 months post HPE, only 3 of 24 and 0 of 23 infants, respectively, with TB >2 mg/dL were sufficient in all FSV.. Biochemical FSV insufficiency is commonly observed in infants with BA and persistent cholestasis despite administration of a TPGS containing liquid multiple FSV preparation. Individual vitamin supplementation and careful monitoring are warranted in infants with BA, especially those with TB >2 mg/dL.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Avitaminosis; Biliary Atresia; Bilirubin; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Polyethylene Glycols; Portoenterostomy, Hepatic; Postoperative Care; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

A synergistic interplay between vitamins K and D appears to exist. We aimed to investigate for the first time whether the associations of dietary vitamin K intake and circulating 25(OH)D with serum lipoprotein levels are influenced by the existence of deficiency of either or both vitamins K and D. Sixty individuals [24 males, 36(18-79) years old] were examined. Vitamin deficiency of K1 and D were defined as vitamin K1 intake/body weight (BW)<1.00 μg/kg/day and circulating 25(OH)D<20 ng/ml, respectively. In individuals with vitamin K1 deficiency, the vitamin K1 intake/BW correlated positively with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (r=0.509, p=0.008) and negatively with serum triglycerides (TG) (r=-0.638, p=0.001), whereas circulating 25(OH)D correlated negatively with TG (r=-0.609, p=0.001). In individuals with vitamin D deficiency, the vitamin K1 intake/BW correlated positively with HDL-C (r=0.533, p=0.001) and negatively with TG (r=-0.421, p=0.009), while circulating 25(OH)D correlated negatively with TG (r=-0.458, p=0.004). The above-mentioned associations of vitamin K1 intake/BW and circulating 25(OH)D with serum lipoproteins were not detected in individuals without vitamin K1 deficiency or the ones without vitamin D deficiency. The vitamin K2 intake/BW correlated negatively with low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (r=-0.404, p=0.001). In conclusion, the associations of vitamin K1 intake with TG and HDL-C and of circulating 25(OH)D with TG were more pronounced in individuals with deficiency of either or both vitamins K1 and D. Increased dietary vitamin K2 intake was associated with decreased LDL-C.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Avitaminosis; Body Weight; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamin K 1; Vitamin K 2; Vitamins; Young Adult

Topics: Avitaminosis; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Diet Surveys; Dietary Supplements; Female; Food, Fortified; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Status; Pregnancy; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Solubility; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Hospital mortality of severe sepsis and septic shock is still around 40 % according to recent studies. In accordance to the current sepsis definition, sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response of the organism to infection. Septic shock is defined by vasopressor-dependent circulatory failure and lactic acidosis. Patients with sepsis and septic shock are often old and/or characterized by severe comorbidities, e. g. tumor or liver disease. These factors also predispose to malnutrition and hence to a corresponding deficiency of essential nutritional components e. g. vitamins. A number of recent studies and reviews have addressed the question whether deficiencies in certain vitamins may facilitate the transition from infection to septic shock. In addition, studies have investigated the effect of high-dose vitamin therapies on sepsis mortality and sepsis-associated organ dysfunctions. This article would like to summarize this current discussion with a focus on vitamin B. Vitamin C besitzt multiple biologische Funktionen, die sich im Rahmen einer Sepsis günstig auswirken könnten. Die Applikation von hochdosiertem Vitamin C in Kombination mit Thiamin und Hydrokortison war in einer viel diskutierten, 2017 veröffentlichten klinischen Studie mit einer drastischen Senkung der Sepsisletalität assoziiert. In mehreren prospektiven randomisierten Studien wird die Wirksamkeit dieses Therapiekonzepts derzeit unabhängig voneinander überprüft.. Auch der Einsatz von Vitamin D

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Humans; Sepsis; Vitamin D; Vitamin K

Bone loss has been established as a major extra-intestinal complication of short bowel syndrome (SBS). The purpose of this study was to correlate bone mineral density (BMD) with body mass index (BMI), serum vitamin and mineral levels in patients with SBS.. The study was conducted on 13 patients (8 male and 5 female, 54.7 ± 11.4 years) with SBS (residual small bowel length of 10 to 100 cm). We determined the food ingestion, anthropometry, serum levels of vitamins C, A, D, E and K, as well as serum and urinary levels of phosphorus and calcium. BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).. Osteopenia and osteoporosis was diagnosed in all but one SBS patient. Serum levels of vitamin D were low in all volunteers. Sixty-one percent of patients had vitamin E deficiency; hypovitaminosis A and C occurred in one subject. BMI and C, E and K vitamin serum levels correlated with T-score of BMD.. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were common in SBS patients. There was a correlation between BMD and the serum levels of vitamins C, E and K, an indicative that such vitamins may influence bone health.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Body Mass Index; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Calcium; Cross-Sectional Studies; Energy Intake; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Phosphorus; Reference Values; Short Bowel Syndrome; Time Factors; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Determine the prevalence of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) aged ≤18 years in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, from 2007 to 2010.. A retrospective analysis of fat-soluble vitamin levels in children aged ≤18 years who lived in NSW and attended any of the three paediatric CF centres from 2007 to 2010. An audit of demographic and clinical data during the first vitamin level measurement of the study period was performed.. Deficiency of one or more fat-soluble vitamins was present in 240/530 children (45%) on their first vitamin level test in the study period. The prevalence of vitamins D and E deficiency fell from 22.11% in 2007 to 15.54% in 2010, and 20.22% to 13.89%, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency increased from 11.17% to 13.13%. Low vitamin K was present in 29% in 2007, and prevalence of prolonged prothrombin time increased from 19.21% to 22.62%. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency is present in 10%-35% of children with pancreatic insufficiency, but only a very small proportion of children who are pancreatic-sufficient.. This is one of few studies of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in children with CF in Australia. Fat-soluble vitamin testing is essential to identify deficiency in pancreatic-insufficient children who may be non-compliant to supplementation or require a higher supplement dose, and pancreatic-sufficient children who may be progressing to insufficiency. Testing of vitamin K-dependent factors needs consideration. Further studies are needed to monitor rates of vitamin deficiency in the CF community.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Avitaminosis; Biomarkers; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Female; Humans; Male; New South Wales; Prevalence; Prothrombin Time; Retrospective Studies; Solubility; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamins

Topics: Adult; Avitaminosis; Child; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Patients with extensive small-bowel resection may experience malabsorption and nutrient deficiencies. We evaluated the ability to absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins in a short-gut patient. For 18 wk after stopping intravenous lipid, while consuming a low-lactose, low-fat diet, he exhibited no clinical manifestations of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Serum 20:4n-6 (20:4 omega-6) and 18:2n-6 fatty acid concentrations were normal, whereas the concentration of 20:3n-9 remained less than or equal to 0.1% of total serum fatty acids. Although serum vitamin A was normal, beta-carotene was undetectable despite oral supplementation. Prothrombin time was elevated until parenteral vitamin K was given. This patient has fat absorption adequate to prevent EFAD but inadequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. In patients with short bowel, the requirements for parenteral lipids and fat-soluble vitamins should be determined independently.

Topics: Absorption; Adult; Avitaminosis; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Fats; Fatty Acids, Essential; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Lipids; Male; Prothrombin Time; Short Bowel Syndrome; Solubility; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Choline; Folic Acid; Inositol; Niacin; Pantothenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Terminology as Topic; Thiamine; Thioctic Acid; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Vitamins

Deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins may occur in uremic patients mainly because of restricted consumption and of loss during chronic hemo- and peritoneal dialysis. Although the daily requirement for most vitamins is not well defined in chronic renal failure supplementation of the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, niacin and ascorbic acid, the form of one multivitamin preparation without vitamin A as well as folic acid in dialysis patients after each dialysis is recommended. There is no need for vitamin B12, vitamin A and vitamin E.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Folic Acid; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Niacin; Pantothenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Child; Food, Fortified; Humans; Nutritional Requirements; Orthomolecular Therapy; Self Medication; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Blood Coagulation; Blood Platelets; Cell Wall; Hemostasis; Humans; Pyridoxine; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Vitamins are absorbed by different mechanisms ranging from simple diffusion for most of the water soluble vitamins to more complex processes in the case of vitamin B12, folate, and the fat soluble vitamins. These processes are discussed. Malabsorptive disorders result in significant deficiency of only these latter vitamins which require specialized digestive or transport mechanisms. The underlying disease also determines which, if any, deficiency is likely to occur. The effects of different types of pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal disease on vitamin absorption are discussed.

Topics: Avitaminosis; Folic Acid; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Diseases; Malabsorption Syndromes; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Vitamins intakes cannot be absolutely established; they depend on basic composition of the diet, ecological conditions and physiological status of the subject. Nevertheless, approximate norms can be established, which avoid deficiencies or overdosages. Dietary and epidemiologic surveys, assays on volunteers conducted the commissions of F.A.O./O.M.S. Experts and National Authorities to propose values with a practical consensus for vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, P, C, D, B12 folates and some other factors.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Nicotinic Acids; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Pantothenic Acid; Pregnancy; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Aflatoxins; Animal Feed; Animals; Avitaminosis; Calcium; Chickens; Diet; Male; Poultry Diseases; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Niacinamide; Nutritional Requirements; Pantothenic Acid; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Animals; Avitaminosis; Body Height; Body Weight; Growth; Longevity; Neoplasms; Rats; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Blood Chemical Analysis; Dietary Proteins; Glycine max; Humans; Hypoprothrombinemias; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Absorption; Nutritional Requirements; Occult Blood; Vitamin K

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Arsenicals; Avitaminosis; Chickens; Dietary Proteins; Growth Substances; Nutritional Requirements; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Avitaminosis; Body Weight; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Diarrhea; Disaccharides; Edema; Feces; Folic Acid; Glucose; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Hypokalemia; Hypoproteinemia; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Iron; Malabsorption Syndromes; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin K; Xylose

Topics: Avitaminosis; Drug Therapy; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Alcoholism; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anorexia Nervosa; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Celiac Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Therapy; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sprue, Tropical; United Kingdom; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Vomiting

Topics: Avitaminosis; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Alcoholism; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Avitaminosis; Cholestyramine Resin; Common Bile Duct; Diet; Diet Therapy; Diuretics; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Ion Exchange Resins; Jaundice; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Postoperative Complications; Prothrombin Time; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin K

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Avitaminosis; Central Nervous System; Fetal Death; Growth Substances; Muscles; Nervous System; Rats; Research; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; History; History, 20th Century; Humans; Medicine; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Folic Acid; Humans; Neuralgia; Paralysis; Sciatica; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Growth; Intestines; Metabolism; Rats; Research; Sorbitol; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Gastroenterology; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Fungi; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Gynecology; Humans; Obstetrics; Pregnancy; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Aged; Avitaminosis; Disease; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Diet; Disease; Humans; Military Personnel; Nutritional Status; Oryza; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Eye Diseases; Humans; Ophthalmology; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Tuberculosis; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Fingers; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Science; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Dermatology; Humans; Nutrition Disorders; Skin Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Avitaminosis; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Skin; Skin Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Dietetics; Humans; Nutritional Sciences; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Skin; Skin Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Eye; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Appetite; Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Xerophthalmia

Topics: Avitaminosis; Deficiency Diseases; Muscles; Oculomotor Muscles; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Avitaminosis; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Avitaminosis; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Male; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Humans; Meniere Disease; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Ear; Humans; Larynx; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Atrophy; Avitaminosis; Humans; Tongue; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Cochlea; Humans; Meniere Disease; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Disease; Humans; Nutritional Sciences; Urine; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Hyperkinesis; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Male; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Avitaminosis; Calculi; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins