vitamin-k-semiquinone-radical and Autolysis

The autolysis loop of activated protein C (APC) is five residues longer than the autolysis loop of other vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteases. To investigate the role of this loop in the zymogenic and anticoagulant properties of the molecule, a protein C mutant was constructed in which the autolysis loop of the protein was replaced with the corresponding loop of factor X. The protein C mutant was activated by thrombin with approximately 5-fold higher rate in the presence of Ca2+. Both kinetics and direct binding studies revealed that the Ca2+ affinity of the mutant has been impaired approximately 3-fold. The result of a factor Va degradation assay revealed that the anticoagulant function of the mutant has been improved 4-5-fold in the absence but not in the presence of protein S. The improvement was due to a better recognition of both the P1-Arg506 and P1-Arg306 cleavage sites by the mutant protease. However, the plasma half-life of the mutant was markedly shortened due to faster inactivation by plasma serpins. These results suggest that the autolysis loop of protein C is critical for the Ca(2+)-dependence of activation by thrombin. Moreover, a longer autolysis loop in APC is not optimal for interaction with factor Va in the absence of protein S, but it contributes to the lack of serpin reactivity and longer half-life of the protease in plasma.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Anticoagulants; Autolysis; Calcium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Factor V; Factor Va; Factor X; Humans; Kinetics; Macromolecular Substances; Mutation; Protein Binding; Protein C; Protein S; Prothrombin; Recombinant Proteins; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Thrombin; Time Factors; Vitamin K

Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone reductase) is a complex system located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and has the ability to catalyse several different enzymatic reactions concerned in electron transport. It is known to be one of the first components of the respiratory chain to be damaged by ischemia. Our results, using autolysis in the rat heart as experimental model, indicate that the NADH dehydrogenase system was impaired relatively early during ischemia while transhydrogenation and NADPH dehydrogenation appeared to be relatively resistant.

Topics: 2,6-Dichloroindophenol; Animals; Autolysis; Coronary Disease; Female; Ferrocyanides; Mitochondria, Heart; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Phosphorylation; Quinone Reductases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Ubiquinone; Vitamin K