vitamin-k-1 and Obesity

Osteocalcin (OC) is a vitamin K-dependent bone protein used as a marker of bone formation. Mouse models have demonstrated a role for the uncarboxylated form of OC (ucOC) in energy metabolism, including energy expenditure and adiposity, but human data are equivocal. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between changes in measures of OC and changes in body weight and percent body fat in obese, but otherwise healthy post-menopausal women undergoing a 20-week weight loss program. All participants received supplemental vitamins K and D and calcium. Body weight and body fat percentage (%BF) were assessed before and after the intervention. Serum OC [(total (tOC), ucOC, percent uncarboxylated (%ucOC)], and procollagen type 1N-terminal propeptide (P1NP; a measure of bone formation) were measured. Women lost an average of 10.9 ± 3.9 kg and 4 %BF. Serum concentrations of tOC, ucOC, %ucOC, and P1NP did not significantly change over the twenty-week intervention, nor were these measures associated with changes in weight (all p > 0.27) or %BF (all p > 0.54). Our data do not support an association between any serum measure of OC and weight or %BF loss in post-menopausal women supplemented with nutrients implicated in bone health.

Topics: Adiposity; Aged; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Osteocalcin; Postmenopause; Vitamin K 1; Weight Loss

Observational studies have reported lower risks of type 2 diabetes with higher vitamin K1 intake, but these studies overlook effect modification due to known diabetes risk factors.. To identify subgroups that might benefit from vitamin K1 intake, we examined associations between vitamin K1 intake and incident diabetes overall and in subpopulations at risk of diabetes.. Participants from the prospective cohort, the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, with no history of diabetes were followed up for diabetes incidence. The association between intake of vitamin K1, estimated from a food frequency questionnaire completed at baseline, and incident diabetes was determined using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models.. In 54 787 Danish residents with a median (interquartile range) age of 56 (52-60) years at baseline, 6700 individuals were diagnosed with diabetes during 20.8 (17.3-21.6) years of follow-up. Vitamin K1 intake was inversely and linearly associated with incident diabetes (P < .0001). Compared to participants with the lowest vitamin K1 intake (median:57 µg/d), participants with the highest intakes (median:191 µg/d) had a 31% lower risk of diabetes (HR; 95% CI, 0.69; 0.64-0.74) after multivariable adjustments. The inverse association between vitamin K1 intake and incident diabetes was present in all subgroups (namely, men and women, ever and never smokers, low and high physical activity groups, and in participants who were normal to overweight and obese), with differences in absolute risk between subgroups.. Higher intake of foods rich in vitamin K1 was associated with a lower risk of diabetes. If the associations observed are causal, our results indicate that more cases of diabetes would be prevented in subgroups at higher risk (men, smokers, participants with obesity, and those with low physical activity).

Topics: Denmark; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Obesity; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Vitamin K 1; Vitamin K 2

Increased adiposity is associated with increased storage of several fat-soluble nutrients. However, the extent to which vitamin K is stored in fat and the association between vitamin K status and adiposity are unknown. Our objectives in this study were to determine whether vitamin K is stored in human adipose tissue and the association between vitamin K status and body fat in older men and women. In study A, the vitamin K concentration of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue was quantified in samples taken from 16 gastric bypass patients [13 women, 3 men, age 40 +/- 10 y (mean +/- SD)] using HPLC. In study B, cross-sectional associations between percent body fat (%BF) and circulating measures of vitamin K status were examined in 260 women and 183 men [age = 68 +/- 5 y]. The phylloquinone (K(1)) concentrations in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were 148.2 +/- 71.8 and 175 +/- 112 nmol/kg, respectively, which is higher than the reported concentrations of other organs known to store vitamin K. There was an inverse association between %BF and plasma K(1) in women (P-trend < 0.001). Higher %BF was associated with greater circulating concentrations of uncarboxylated prothrombin, indicative of lower hepatic utilization of vitamin K in both men (P-trend = 0.02) and women (P-trend = 0.002) but not with the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Adipose tissue contained high concentrations of vitamin K, and increased adiposity was associated with poorer vitamin K status in older adults. Additional studies are needed to further explore the relationships among body fat, storage of vitamin K in adipose tissue, and implications for vitamin K status and function.

Topics: Adiposity; Adult; Biomarkers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gastric Bypass; Humans; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Obesity; Osteocalcin; Prothrombin; Sex Factors; Subcutaneous Fat; Vitamin K 1; Young Adult

Commercial hydrogenation results in the formation of trans fatty acids. An unintended consequence of the hydrogenation process is conversion of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) to dihydrophylloquinone. Plasma dihydrophylloquinone concentrations have yet to be characterized in population-based studies. Dietary determinants of plasma dihydrophylloquinone were estimated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 803 men and 913 women in the Framingham Offspring Study. Geometric mean dihydrophylloquinone intake was 21.3 (95 % CI 20.4, 22.3) microg/d in men and 19.4 (95 % CI 18.5, 20.2) microg/d in women. Detectable (>0.05 nmol/l) plasma dihydrophylloquinone concentrations were measured in 41 % and 30 % of men and women, respectively. The multivariate odds ratio (OR) of detectable plasma dihydrophylloquinone from the lowest to the highest quartile category of dihydrophylloquinone intake were 1 (referent), 1.13 (95 % CI 0.83, 1.53), 1.66 (95 % CI 1.21, 2.26) and 1.84 (95 % CI 1.31, 2.58), P for trend <0.001, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, triacylglycerols, season and energy intake. Higher trans fatty acid intake was associated with higher multivariate OR for detectable plasma dihydrophylloquinone (OR comparing extreme quartiles 2.41 (95 % CI 1.59, 3.64), P for trend <0.001). There were limitations in the use of plasma dihydrophylloquinone, evident in the high proportion of the population that had non-detectable dihydrophylloquinone concentrations. Despite this caveat, higher plasma dihydrophylloquinone was associated with higher dihydrophylloquinone intake and higher trans fatty acid intake.

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Diet; Diet Surveys; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Obesity; Seasons; Sex Factors; Smoking; Trans Fatty Acids; Vitamin K 1

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anticoagulants; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Obesity; Vitamin K 1