vitamin-d-2 and Body-Weight

Despite advances in the characterization of partial clinical remission (PR) of type 1 diabetes, an accurate definition of PR remains problematic. Two recent studies in children with new-onset T1D demonstrated serious limitations of the present gold standard definition of PR, a stimulated C-peptide (SCP) concentration of >300 pmol/L. The first study employed the concept of insulin sensitivity score (ISS) to show that 55% of subjects with new-onset T1D and a detectable SCP level of >300 pmol/L had low insulin sensitivity (IS) and thus might not be in remission when assessed by insulin-dose adjusted A1c (IDAA1c), an acceptable clinical marker of PR. The second study, a randomized controlled trial of vitamin D (ergocalciferol) administration in children and adolescents with new-onset T1D, demonstrated no significant difference in SCP between the ergocalciferol and placebo groups, but showed a significant blunting of the temporal trend in both A1c and IDAA1c in the ergocalciferol group. These two recent studies indicate the poor specificity and sensitivity of SCP to adequately characterize PR and thus call for a re-examination of current approaches to the definition of PR. They demonstrate the limited sensitivity of SCP, a static biochemical test, to detect the complex physiological changes that occur during PR such as changes in insulin sensitivity, insulin requirements, body weight, and physical activity. These shortcomings call for a broader definition of PR using a combination of functional markers such as IDAA1c and ISS to provide a valid assessment of PR that reaches beyond the static changes in SCP alone.

Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Body Weight; C-Peptide; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Ergocalciferols; Exercise; Glycated Hemoglobin; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Remission Induction

There is considerable variation in incremental circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels on vitamin D supplements, even when similar age groups and identical vitamin D doses are compared. We therefore aimed to investigate the importance of body weight for the dose-response relation in circulating 25OHD.. We performed a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled vitamin D supplementation trials in all age groups ≥10 years to clarify the influence of body weight and other parameters on incremental circulating 25OHD levels (difference between baseline and in-study values) in vitamin D-deficient and non-deficient individuals.. We included 144 cohorts from 94 independent studies, published from 1990 to November 2012, in our systematic review. There was a logarithmic association between vitamin D dose per kg body weight per day and increment in circulating 25OHD. In multivariable regression analysis, vitamin D dose per kg body weight per day could explain 34.5% of variation in circulating 25OHD. Additional significant predictors were type of supplement (vitamin D2 or vitamin D3), age, concomitant intake of calcium supplements and baseline 25OHD, explaining 9.8, 3.7, 2.4 and 1.9%, respectively, of the variation in circulating 25OHD.. This systematic review demonstrates that body weight is an important predictor of variation in circulating 25OHD in cohorts on vitamin D supplements. Our model provides an estimate of the daily vitamin D dose that is necessary for achieving adequate circulating 25OHD levels in vitamin D-insufficient or vitamin D-deficient individuals/cohorts with different body weights and ages.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Weight; Calcium; Child; Cholecalciferol; Dietary Supplements; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis therapy has relied on patient dry weight to determine the initial dose of medication. Obtaining a patient's dry weight can be difficult, and no correlation has been established between a patient's body weight and severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism. We conducted a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, 12-week, multicenter trial to compare the incidence of hypercalcemia (single occurrence) between two dosing regimens: one regimen based on baseline intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH; PTH/80) level, and the other regimen based on patient body weight (0.04 microgram/kg). One hundred twenty-five adult patients with ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis therapy were enrolled at multiple sites. Before treatment, all patients were required to have PTH levels of 300 pg/mL or greater, calcium levels of 8.0 mg/dL or greater and 10.5 mg/dL or less, and a calcium x phosphorus (Ca x P) product of 70 or less. Patients were randomized to one of two regimens: the nonrandomized treatment was also administered as a placebo dummy. No incidence of hypercalcemia occurred in either treatment group during the study. Patients treated according to the formula iPTH/80 required fewer dose adjustments and achieved the first of four consecutive reductions from baseline PTH level of 30% or greater more rapidly than patients treated based on body weight (P = 0.0306). Incidences of elevated Ca x P product levels were similar between treatment groups. Treatment with paricalcitol injection based on degree of secondary hyperparathyroidism incurred no greater risk for hypercalcemia and achieved meaningful therapeutic results with fewer dose adjustments than dosing based on patient body weight.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Calcium; Confidence Intervals; Double-Blind Method; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle Aged; Parathyroid Hormone; Renal Dialysis

In a double blind trial of supplementary vitamin D (1000 iu daily) administered in the last trimester of pregnancy to Asian women living in London, supplemented mothers gained weight faster (63.3 g/day) than those in the control group (46.4 g/day), and at term had significantly higher plasma levels of retinol binding protein and thyroid binding prealbumin indicating better protein-calorie nutrition. Maternal weight gain correlated with postpartum levels of both retinol binding protein and thyroid binding prealbumin. Almost twice as many infants in the unsupplemented group weighed under 2500 g at birth, and had significantly lower retinol binding protein levels than infants of supplemented mothers. The nutritional benefits of supplementation provide further support for the routine administration of vitamin D to all British Asians during pregnancy.

Topics: Asia; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pregnancy; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; Serum Albumin; Thyroxine-Binding Proteins; United Kingdom

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Ergocalciferols; Female; Femur; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ovariectomy; Postmenopause; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Shiitake Mushrooms; Vitamin D; X-Ray Microtomography

The current study compared the effects of milk, yogurt or whey on the bone strength, body composition and serum biomarkers. Forty 12-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX), and another nine rats received a sham operation (Sham-Cont). After a 1-week recovery period, the OVX rats were divided into four dietary groups: OVX-control group (OVX-Cont), 17% skimmed milk powder diet group (OVX-Milk), 17% powdered fermented milk diet group (OVX-Yogurt) and 12% whey powder and 6% whey protein extract diet group (OVX-Whey) (n=10 in each group). The protein, nitrogen, fat, calcium and phosphorus contents of the experimental diets were adjusted to be similar to the control diet (AIN-93M). Eighty-four days after the beginning of the experimental diet, the total bone mineral density and bone mineral contents of lumbar vertebrae were significantly higher in the OVX-Milk and OVX-Whey groups than in the OVX-Cont group. Furthermore, the level of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha, 25(OH)2D3] was significantly lower, while the serum level of FGF23 was significantly higher in the OVX-Milk, OVX-Yogurt and OVX-Whey groups than in the OVX-Cont group. These findings suggest that milk and the dairy products could improve bone metabolism in a postmenopausal animal model at least partly through changing the balance between 1alpha, 25(OH)2D3 and FGF23.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Calcitriol; Calcium, Dietary; Ergocalciferols; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Humans; Milk; Milk Proteins; Ovariectomy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Whey Proteins; Yogurt

Effects of 1.28 nmol/kg doxercalciferol [1α(OH)D₂], a synthetic vitamin D₂ analog that undergoes metabolic activation to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂, the naturally occurring, biologically active form of vitamin D₂, on rat transporters and enzymes were compared with those of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃, active form of vitamin D₃; 4.8 and 6.4 nmol/kg] given on alternate days intraperitoneally for 8 days. Changes were mostly confined to the intestine and kidney where the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was highly expressed: increased intestinal Cyp24 and Cyp3a1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and a modest elevation of apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (Asbt) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) protein; increased renal VDR, Cyp24, Cyp3a9, Mdr1a, and Asbt mRNA, as well as Asbt and P-gp protein expression; and decreased renal PepT1 and Oat1 mRNA expression. In comparison, 1α(OH)D₂ treatment exerted a greater effect than 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on Cyp3a and Cyp24 mRNA. However, the farnesoid X receptor -related repressive effects on liver Cyp7a1 were absent because intestinal Asbt, FGF15 and portal bile acid concentrations were unchanged. Rats on the alternate day regimen showed milder changes and lessened signs of hypercalcemia and weight loss compared with rats receiving daily injections (similar or greater amounts of 0.64-2.56 nmol/kg daily ×4) described in previous reports, showing that the protracted pretreatment regimen was associated with milder inductive and lesser toxic effects in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Calcitriol; Calcium; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Ergocalciferols; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Phosphorus; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; RNA, Messenger; Vitamins

Active and less toxic vitamin D analogs could be useful for clinical applications. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity and antitumor effect of two new synthetic analogs of vitamin D, namely PRI-1906 [(24E)-24a-Homo-(1S)-1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol] and its side-chain unsaturated homo analog PRI-1907.. The toxicity and calcemic activity, as well as antitumor effect of calcitriol analogs was investigated in vivo. The studies were performed in a mouse mammary 16/C cancer model. Since calcitriol and its analogs inhibited 16/C tumor growth only slightly, we applied them in the combined therapy with cyclophosphamide (CY). Moreover, cell cycle analysis and VDR and p27 expression were investigated.. The LD50 values after five daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections were 7.8, 10.0 and 2.4 microg/kg per day for calcitriol, PRI-1906 and PRI-1907, respectively. The serum calcium level increased to 40, 23 and 63% over the control for these compounds. We also compare the antitumor activity of the PRI-1906 with the calcitriol and previously studied PRI-2191 (1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3, tacalcitol). Statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth by calcitriol up to the eighth day was observed in all schedules applied. PRI-1906 inhibited the tumor growth at doses 1 and 5 microg/kg per day, and PRI-2191 only at the dose 5 microg/kg per day.. Addition of vitamin D analogs increased the antitumor effect of CY. PRI-1906 exhibited toxicity higher than PRI-2191 but lower than calcitriol and antitumor activity similar to both PRI-2191 and calcitriol. This new analog seems to be a good candidate for the combined treatment of mammary cancer.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Weight; Calcitriol; Calcium; Cell Cycle; Cyclophosphamide; Dihydroxycholecalciferols; Ergocalciferols; Female; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred DBA; Vitamins

Deficiency in vitamin D and its active metabolites is a pathologic feature of chronic kidney diseases. Despite that tubular epithelial cells are the major sites of active vitamin D synthesis, little is known about the role of vitamin D in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of tubular epithelium. This study investigated the effects of paricalcitol (19-nor-1,25-hydroxy-vitamin D(2)), a synthetic vitamin D analogue, on obstructive nephropathy, a model that is characterized by predominant tubulointerstitial lesions. Compared with vehicle controls, paricalcitol significantly attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis in mouse kidney after ureteral obstruction, as demonstrated by a reduced interstitial volume, decreased collagen deposition, and repressed mRNA expression of fibronectin and type I and type III collagens. Paricalcitol largely preserved E-cadherin and reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in vivo. In addition, paricalcitol suppressed renal TGF-beta1 and its type I receptor expression, restored vitamin D receptor abundance, and inhibited cell proliferation and apoptosis after obstructive injury. In vitro, paricalcitol abolished TGF-beta1-mediated E-cadherin suppression and alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin induction in tubular epithelial cells, underscoring its ability to block directly the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is interesting that paricalcitol almost completely suppressed renal induction of Snail, a critical transcription factor that is implicated in EMT programming. Furthermore, paricalcitol inhibited the TGF-beta1-mediated Snail induction in vitro, and ectopic expression of Snail repressed E-cadherin promoter activity and downregulated E-cadherin expression in tubular epithelial cells. These studies suggest that paricalcitol is able to ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy, possibly by preserving tubular epithelial integrity through suppression of EMT.

Topics: Actins; Animals; Apoptosis; Body Weight; Cadherins; Calcium; Cell Proliferation; Ergocalciferols; Fibrosis; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Tubules; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Parathyroid Hormone; Receptors, Calcitriol; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; RNA, Messenger; Snail Family Transcription Factors; Transcription Factors; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins; Zinc Fingers

To study the effectiveness of the vitamin D analogue 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(2) (1alpha-OH-D(2)) in inhibiting ocular tumor growth in transgenic "Tyr-Tag" mice that developed pigmented ocular tumors produced with the simian virus 40 T and t antigens under the control of the mouse tyrosinase gene. These animals develop pigmented intraocular tumors primarily from the retinal pigment epithelium that closely resemble the histologic features and growth pattern of human choroidal melanoma.. A total of 73 Tyr-Tag transgenic mice between 6 and 7 weeks old were randomly assigned by sex and litter to 3 treatment groups to receive 0.05 microg/d, 0.1 microg/d, or 0.2 microg/d of 1alpha-OH-D(2); a control group received vehicle (coconut oil). The drug was administered by oral gavage 5 times a week for 5 weeks. The animals were then euthanized and their eyes were enucleated and processed histologically. Three serial sections from each eye were examined microscopically and the mean tumor area measured using Optimus software version 6.5 (Media Cybernetics LP, Silver Spring, Md). Toxic adverse effects were assessed on the basis of mortality, weight loss, and serum calcium levels.. The mean tumor size in the 0.1- microg/d and 0.2- microg/d dose groups was smaller than in the controls (P<.001). No significant difference was seen between the 0.05- microg/d dose group and the control group (P =.64). Survival for the 0.1- microg/d and 0.2- microg/d dose groups was lower than for the controls (95% in the controls vs 85.7% and 73.7%, respectively; P<.01).. In the Tyr-Tag transgenic mouse, 1alpha-OH-D(2) inhibits pigmented ocular tumor growth at moderate drug levels with relatively low mortality. Clinical Relevance Vitamin D analogues merit further preclinical study in the treatment of ocular melanoma.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; Antineoplastic Agents; Body Weight; Calcium; Choroid Neoplasms; Disease Models, Animal; Ergocalciferols; Female; Male; Melanoma; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Survival Rate

Vitamin D metabolites can prevent estrogen depletion-induced bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Our aim was to compare the bone-protective effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25(OH)2D3), 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1,25(OH)2D2), 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha(OH)D3), and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha(OH)D2) in OVX rats. 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1alpha(OH)D2 are thought to be activated in the liver to form 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1, 25(OH)2D2, respectively. Forty-four 12-week-old female Fischer-344 rats were either OVX or sham-operated (SHAM). Groups of OVX rats (n = 7 each) received vehicle alone, 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,25(OH)2D2, 1alpha(OH)D3, or 1alpha(OH)D2, starting 2 weeks after surgery. All vitamin D metabolites were administered orally at a dose of 15 ng/day/rat. Urine and blood samples were collected 6, 9, 12, and 16 weeks after surgery. Serum samples were analyzed for total calcium and phosphate. Calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and free collagen cross-links (ELISA) were determined in urine. After tetracycline double labeling, the rats were sacrificed 16 weeks postsurgery, and the proximal tibiae and the first lumbar vertebrae were processed undecalcified for static and dynamic bone histomorphometry. 1,25(OH)2D3 and, to a slightly lesser extent, 1,25(OH)2D2 elevated vertebral cancellous bone mass in OVX rats to a level beyond that observed in SHAM animals, and both compounds increased serum calcium and urinary calcium excretion to similar extents. 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1alpha(OH)D2 resulted in a 64% and 84%, respectively, inhibition of ovariectomy-induced vertebral cancellous bone loss. In the proximal tibial metaphysis, all vitamin D metabolites tested could only partially prevent post-OVX trabecular bone loss, with a tendency for 1alpha(OH)D3 to be the least active compound. The effects of 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1alpha(OH)D2 on calcium homeostasis differed markedly, however. The mean increase in urinary calcium excretion over the whole experiment was fivefold for 1alpha(OH)D3, whereas the corresponding increase for 1alpha(OH)D2 was only twofold. We conclude that, compared with 1alpha(OH)D3, 1alpha(OH)D2 combined at least equal or higher bone-protective activity in OVX rats with distinctly less pronounced effects on calcium homeostasis. This effect was not due to a differential action of the corresponding main activation products, 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D2.

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Calcifediol; Calcitriol; Calcium; Collagen; Creatinine; Ergocalciferols; Female; Homeostasis; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Ovariectomy; Phosphates; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

In order to examine whether diabetes enhances, primary aortic lesions up to atherosclerotic ones, mild primary lesions were induced in aorta of APA hamsters by an administration of vitamin D2 (VD) and/or stop-and-reflow (SR)-operation, a modification of renal artery clamping. At 2 months after the treatment with the combination of VD-administration and SR-operation, atheromatous lesions, characterized by an appearance of many foam cells in the intima, were observed in the abdominal aorta, the site of SR-operation, in streptozotocin (SZ)-induced diabetic APA hamsters. Foam cells in the atheromatous lesions were originated from smooth muscle cells and monocyte/ macrophages. On the other hand, neither VD-administration alone nor SR-operation alone developed atheromatous lesions in SZ-induced diabetic APA hamsters. In conclusion, we succeeded in a rapid induction of atherosclerotic lesions in abdominal aorta of SZ-induced diabetic APA hamsters by the combination of VD-administration and SR-operation.

Topics: Animals; Aorta, Abdominal; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Cricetinae; Endothelium, Vascular; Ergocalciferols; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Triglycerides

Treatment with omeprazole, a long-acting proton pump inhibitor of acid secretion, induces hypergastrinemia. In chickens, omeprazole induces growth not only of the acid-producing mucosa (probably reflecting the trophic action of gastrin), but also of the parathyroid glands (hypertrophy + hyperplasia), while suppressing bone density and body weight gain without affecting blood calcium. The first part of the present study was concerned with the effect of omeprazole, ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), and restricted food intake on the gene expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the parathyroid glands of the chicken. Chickens were treated with omeprazole (400 micromol/kg/day, I.M.), food restriction, omeprazole + food restriction, ergocalciferol (250 000 IU/kg/day, S.C.), or ergocalciferol + omeprazole for 5 weeks. The weight gain of the chickens was monitored, and the weights of the parathyroid glands and femurs were determined at sacrifice. PTH mRNA in the parathyroid glands was analyzed by Northern blot. The second part of the study examined the effect of 3 weeks of continuous gastrin infusion (chicken gastrin 20-36, 5 nmol/kg/hour, S.C.) on the expression of PTH mRNA in the parathyroid glands. Omeprazole reduced the body weight and femur density (ash weight per volume) while greatly increasing the weight of the parathyroid glands and the PTH gene expression. Food restriction alone and ergocalciferol alone (at a dose that raised blood Ca2+) were without effect, but food restriction greatly enhanced the omeprazole-evoked increase in parathyroid gland weight and PTH gene expression. Gastrin increased the weight of the parathyroid glands and reproduced the effect of omeprazole on PTH gene expression. Hence, it seems likely that the effect of omeprazole reflects the ensuing hypergastrinemia.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Chickens; Ergocalciferols; Food Deprivation; Gastrins; Gene Expression Regulation; Omeprazole; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphorus; Vitamin D

Male Jcl:SD rats were fed vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) at levels of 0 (control), 0.39, 0.63 and 1.00% or 0 (control), 0.0195, 0.0315 and 0.050% in the diet for 7 days. All rats of the 0.39-1.00% groups expired on days 2 and 3, while some rats of the 0.0195-0.050% groups died on days 3-6. LD50 (median lethal 7-day cumulative dose calculated from food intake) is 110.5 mg/kg (0.0354% dietarily). In expired and surviving treated rats, several organs (kidney, heart, etc.) were found to be mineralized; there were also renal tubular injuries and pulmonary bleeding. Centrilobular necrosis of liver was detected only in dead rats. Treatment also caused hypercalcemia but did not decrease blood coagulation factors. These results suggest that vitamin D does not have the effect of impeding blood coagulation but that it is extremely toxic, probably due to the hypercalcemia it causes.

Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Body Weight; Eating; Ergocalciferols; Kidney; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BALB/CANNHSD female mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) (20 ng/day) or 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 (100 ng/day) for 7 days and then given the same dose every other day thereafter until day 17 for measuring cell-mediated immunity and on day 33 for observing immunoglobulin production. To observe Ig production, the mice were immunized with an injection of hemocyanin (150 microgram/0.1 ml, i.p.) on day 8. On the day 7, 15 and 20 after immunization, the IgG1, and on day 17 and 20, the IgG3 levels in 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 groups were significantly lower than in the control group. To measure cell-mediated immunity, mice were sensitized with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) on the shaved abdominal skin. The number of thymic lymphocytes and their stimulation index were significantly reduced by 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2. These results demonstrate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 can suppress immunoglobulin production and thymic lymphocyte proliferation in vivo. 19-Nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 at doses of 100 ng/day was less effective than 1,25-(OH)2D3 at doses of 20 ng/day.

Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Animals; Body Weight; Calcitriol; Calcium; Cell Separation; Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase; Dinitrofluorobenzene; Ergocalciferols; Female; Hemocyanins; Immunoglobulins; Immunosuppressive Agents; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Steroid Hydroxylases; Thymus Gland

Concentrations of intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor were measured in rats receiving pharmacological amounts (25,000 IU/rat daily for 6 days) of either vitamin D2 or vitamin D3. The data showed that both hypervitaminosis D2 and hypervitaminosis D3 resulted in significant up-regulation of intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor (fmol/mg protein) relative to controls (409 +/- 24, vitamin D2-treated; 525 +/- 41, vitamin D3-treated; and 249 +/- 19, control). The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor enhancement also was accompanied by elevated plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hypercalcemia. These data suggest that increased target-tissue 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor may play a role in enhancing target-tissue responsiveness and, thus, have a significant role in mediating the toxic effects of hypervitaminosis D.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcitriol; Calcium; Ergocalciferols; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Rats; Receptors, Calcitriol; Receptors, Steroid; Up-Regulation

The effect of starvation and sampling time on plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, total plasma calcium concentration and whole blood ionized calcium concentration was determined in the rat. Starvation caused a significant fall in total and ionized calcium concentrations as well as in alkaline phosphatase activity. These changes were accompanied by a fall in whole blood pH and an increase in the anion gap and a decrease in urinary excretion of calcium. These indices were restored to normal following refeeding. There was no change in serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations following starvation for 3 days. Alkaline phosphatase activity showed a pattern compatible with the presence of a circadian rhythm when sampling took place between 0800 and 1800 h. Total and ionized calcium concentrations did not show such a rhythm when animals were fed the present diet.

Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Circadian Rhythm; Ergocalciferols; Homeostasis; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Starvation; Time Factors

Fourteen very low birthweight infants (mean +/- SD 1,070 +/- 180 g and 29.3 +/- 1.9 weeks gestation) fed their own mother's milk were clinically followed until 3-4 months of age with frequent measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin, and urine calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. These infants were matched for birthweight and gestation with 14 infants (1,075 +/- 152 g and 29.0 +/- 1.7 weeks) who had been similarly followed during concomitant studies of infants fed standard formula (Similac 20 cal/oz). Urine phosphorus was markedly lower in the breast milk-fed group from initiation of feedings, and serum phosphorus became significantly lower at and after 6 weeks of age. The fall in serum phosphorus was accompanied by a marked calciuria. Parathyroid hormone was suppressed in the breast milk-fed group, although serum calcium was not elevated and did not differ from formula-fed infants. A high incidence of moderate-severe hypomineralization on radiographs was seen in both breast milk- and formula-fed groups. Six of 14 breast-fed infants required phosphorus supplementation at 8-10 weeks of age because of significant hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and hypomineralization. These infants differed from those not requiring phosphorus supplements by being smaller at birth but not of lower gestation, and having persistently low serum 25-OHD at and after 6 weeks of age.

Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Alkaline Phosphatase; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Calcium; Ergocalciferols; Homeostasis; Humans; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Magnesium; Milk, Human; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphorus; Serum Albumin; Time Factors

Weanling vitamin D-deficient rats fed a high calcium, low phosphate diet were injected daily with 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol or 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol at doses of 2.5, 25 or 250 ng. Intestinal calcium and phosphate transport, serum phosphorus level, epiphyseal plate calcification, and percent femur ash increased as a function of the dose. Both compounds were equally effective in eliciting these responses demonstrating their equivalency as antirachitic compounds.

Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Ergocalciferols; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Phosphates; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rickets

During a review of 42 metabolic studies in healthy women and men we observed that serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were directly correlated to the observed daily changes in body weight (r = 0.68; P less than 0.001) and to caloric intake/kg/day (r = 0.39; P = 0.01). These relationships could not be accounted for by related and physiologically expected changes in serum Ca or iPTH concentrations. However, serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were observed to be inversely correlated to serum PO4 levels (r = -0.44; P = 0.004). In addition, serum PO4 levels were inversely correlated to the daily changes in body weight (r = -0.40; P = 0.009). Since dietary sodium intake averaged 142 mmol/day, it is unlikely that the observed changes in weight were the result of changes in salt and water balance. Thus it seems reasonable to speculate that serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations may vary directly with energy balance, as reflected by changes in body weight. This effect may be mediated by alterations in PO4 metabolism. The accurate assessment of serum 1,25-(OH)2-D levels thus appears to require several measurements over time periods during which body weight is stable.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Energy Intake; Ergocalciferols; Fasting; Female; Humans; Male; Phosphates

A cross-sectional study was carried out of 412 healthy and 226 chronically malnourished children in Recife, Brazil. Anthropometric measurements, x-rays of hands and wrists, and biochemical data related to skeletal growth were obtained. Levels of plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D were measured in both groups of children and both showed higher concentrations than those reported for normal European children. The high levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D found in these two groups of Brazilian children are probably the result of the intense solar radiation in this part of Brazil and argue against the diet being an important source of vitamin D in poorly nourished children. Some bone abnormalities were seen in the underprivileged group of children but in view of our findings these were more likely to be a result of protein-energy malnutrition than rickets.

Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Adolescent; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Development; Brazil; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Male; Nutrition Disorders; Radiography; Socioeconomic Factors; Vitamin D

In order to investigate vitamin D metabolism in insulin-deficient diabetic rats, plasma vitamin D metabolites were measured at various periods after induction of diabetes by iv administration of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). After STZ injection, plasma insulin was significantly decreased and plasma urea nitrogen increased with the duration of diabetes, while plasma creatinine remained unchanged. Plasma calcium, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) progressively decreased. On the other hand, plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) did not change at any period, but the ratio of 1,25(OH)2D to 25(OH)D became high in proportion to the severity of hypocalcaemia. Since significantly lower 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D levels were observed at the later stage of diabetes, it is suggested that the altered vitamin D metabolism in diabetes is secondary to the disturbances in metabolic homeostasis derived form the insulin deficiency.

Topics: 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3; 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Animals; Blood Glucose; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Calcifediol; Calcitriol; Calcium; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dihydroxycholecalciferols; Ergocalciferols; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Insulin; Kidney Function Tests; Liver Function Tests; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Cholesterol; Ergocalciferols; Liver; Methylprednisolone; Rabbits; Triglycerides; Vitamin D

Atherosclerotic lesions of aorta and arteries were induced in guinea pigs fed a diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol and vitamin D2 (0.75 million IU/kg of diet) for 6 weeks. Histopathological observation revealed intimal proliferation and calcification of the intima and media, but no atheroma was present at the sites of arterial injury. However, the biochemical findings revealed accumulation of cholesterol, mainly esterified, and calcium in the aorta. Significant correlation between the calcium and phosphorus contents in the aorta indicates the presence of a probable calcium-phosphate complex. Synergism for the induction of atherosclerotic lesions was shown between high cholesterol and excess vitamin D2. Sodium 4-(hexadecylamino)benzoate (cetaben) (90 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and trisodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) (5 mg/kg/day, s.c.) inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions induced in this manner. These effects were associated with a significant reduction of serum and aortic cholesterol levels and a significant elevation of HDL-cholesterol levels caused by cetaben, and a significant reduction in aortic calcium caused by EHDP. These two drugs and clofibrate, however, had no significant effect on the regression of pre-established atherosclerotic lesions.

Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Animals; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Body Weight; Calcium; Cholesterol; Clofibrate; Diet, Atherogenic; Ergocalciferols; Guinea Pigs; Lipids; Male; Myocardium; Organ Size; para-Aminobenzoates

Acute accidental vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) toxicosis was diagnosed in a 6-month-old foal with extensive lesions of soft tissue mineralization. In an experimental study, three 18-month-old horses were given ergocalciferol per os at a rate of 9,300, 22,200, or 47,200 IU/kg of body weight/day for 21 days. Clinical signs or lesions were not seen in horses given the low and intermediate doses, whereas the horse receiving the highest dose developed clinical signs and lesions similar to those noted in the foal. Signs included depression, loss of appetite, weakness, limb stiffness with impaired mobility, and cessation of growth or weight loss. Gross and histologic lesions of mineralization of various soft tissues, especially of the endocardium and wall of large blood vessels, were seen in the foal and the horse given the high dose. Marked, persistent, hyperphosphatemia (7.0 to 13.0 mg of P/dl of serum) developed in each horse. The horse given the intermediate dose remained normocalcemic. Horses given the low and high doses became hypercalcemic (13.6 to 14.5 mg of Ca/dl of serum), but serum calcium concentrations varied from day to day and both horses were normocalcemic at necropsy (12.4 to 12.7 mg of Ca/dl of serum). Distal metacarpal bone ash concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium of the foal were mg/g of bone ash) 400.5, 180.5, and 5.30, respectively. In the horses, treatment with ergocalciferol also had no significant effect on serum magnesium (1.88 to 2.18 mg/dl of serum) or distal metacarpal bone ash concentrations of calcium (352.5 to 362.5 mg/g of bone ash), phosphorus (182.5 to 184.0 mg/g of bone ash), or magnesium (5.48 to 6.02 mg/g of bone ash).

Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Body Weight; Calcium; Diet; Endocardium; Ergocalciferols; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Phosphorus

Fourteen patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism, 17 with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, and 12 with postoperative hypoparathyroidism were treated with vitamin D2, dihydrotachysterol, 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3)1 alpha-OHD3), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for 6-18 months. The optimal maintenance dose or minimum daily dose of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to maintain serum calcium at approximately 8.5 mg/100 ml and control all the clinical symptoms was 1.3 +/- 0.16 micrograms/day (mean +/- SE) in pseudohypoparathyroidism, 1.5 +/- 0.18 micrograms/day in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, and 1.9 +/- 0.50 micrograms/day in postoperative hypoparathyroidism. There was no significant difference in the optimal maintenance dose among the 3 groups. The optimal maintenance dose of 1 alpha-OHD3, however, was 2.0 +/- 0.12 micrograms/day in pseudohypoparathyroidism, significantly lower than that in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (3.5 +/-0.29 micrograms/day; P less than 0.001) and in postoperative hypoparathyroidism (4.89 +/- 0.54 micrograms/day; P less than 0.001). Significantly lower doses were required in the treatment of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism than in postoperative hypoparathyroidism (P less than 0.05). No significant difference was found in the optimal maintenance dose of dihydrotachysterol and vitamin D2 among the 3 groups. The average pretreatment serum calcium levels and clinical manifestations were indistinguishable among the 3 groups of patients. This suggests that such a difference in the optimal maintenance dose of 1 alpha-OHD3 is ascribed not to the difference in the severity of hypoparathyroidism, but most probably to differences in the pathophysiological processes in pseudohypoparathyroidism and idiopathic or postoperative hypoparathyroidism. The excess parathyroid hormone levels in blood of patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (and not in other types of hypoparathyroidism) may explain such a difference.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Calcifediol; Calcitriol; Calcium; Dihydrotachysterol; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Hypoparathyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphorus; Postoperative Complications; Pseudohypoparathyroidism; Vitamin D

Using the technique of short interval sequential tetracycline labeling, it was documented that the apposition of mineralized bone matrix in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was inhibited by hydrocortisone. The inhibition occurred as early as six days after the onset of the treatment and was dose dependent over a dose range of 0.62 to 20 mg per kg body weight per day. Vitamin D2 supplements by injection protected bone from this hydrocortisone action. 64 I. U. of vitamin D2 injected daily was able to prevent the inhibition of bone apposition by 20 mg per kg body weight per day of hydrocortisone. The results imply that vitamin D or its metabolites may compete with hydrocortisone in some cellular mechanisms and support the usefulness of vitamin D supplements in the treatment and the prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Ergocalciferols; Hydrocortisone; Kinetics; Male; Rats; Tetracycline

Large intramuscular doses of a water-miscible preparation of vitamin A (500,000 I.U. retinyl acetate/ml), vitamin E (50 I.U./ml) and vitamin D2 (50,000 I.U./ml) were administered to young monkeys (Macacus fascicularis) weighing 1-1.8 kg. At vitamin A doses equivalent to 200 mg retinol/kg or higher, early signs of acute toxicity included yawning, apparent drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, head shaking, neck hyperextension, motor hyperactivity and coordination. These immediate signs were first noted 3-35 minutes after injection. Following apparent recovery at 1-2 hrs, longer term signs of toxicity, such as decreased activity, malaise, drowsiness, loss of appetite, loss of weight, and itchiness of the skin, appeared within 1-6 days, depending on the dose. Monkeys receiving the highest lethal doses became progressively weaker, showed labored breathing, lapsed into a coma, lost simple reflexes and then died. Respiratory failure usually preceded the cessation of heart beat. In some monkeys on a lower but lethal dose, death was preceded by generalized convulsive seizures. The time of onset of the first sign and survival time were inversely proportional to the dosage, but in individual monkeys no correlation existed between onset time and survival time. Female monkeys seemed to succumb faster to a lethal dose than male monkeys. All animals receiving the equivalent of 300 mg retinol/kg died. Under the conditions used, the LD50 was estimated to be 168 mg retinol (560 000 I>U.) per body weight.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Lethal Dose 50; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Nausea; Sleep Stages; Stereotyped Behavior; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vomiting

Combined therapy of epileptic children with phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin (DPH) significantly decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) levels, whereas PB alone significantly increased serum 25-OH-D levels after one to two months of therapy [Sumi et al, 1978]. Studies were conducted in rats to test the hypothesis suggested by the human studies that DPH and PB had different effects on Vitamin D metabolism. Male Wistar rats treated for five days with PB (75 mg/kg/day) had significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) levels (7.1 +/- 1.6 ng/dl, mean +/- SD) compared to controls (12.0 +/- 4.0 ng/dl) and significantly (P less than 0.005) increased conversion of [3H]-vitamin D into [3H]-25-OH-D and [3H]-24,25-(OH)2D, but no increased conversion into [3H]-25-(OH)2D. Age- and weight-matched rats treated for five days with DPH (75 mg/kg/day), however, had significantly (P less than 0.03) decreased 25-OH-D levels (41.9 +/- 5.7 ng/ml) compared to controls (52.4 +/- 4.4 ng/ml) and significantly (P less than 0.01) increased conversion into [3H]-1,25-(OH)2D. These results are consistent with clinical data, which suggest that different alterations in vitamin D metabolism occur after short-term DPH versus PB therapy.

Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Ergocalciferols; Male; Parathyroid Hormone; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vitamin D

25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels were measured in 39 patients with metabolic bone disease or hypoparathyroidism who had been treated with a constant high dose of vitamin D2 or D3 for at least 12 weeks. Plasma 25-OHD levels rose with increasing dosage, the relationship between dose and plasma level being approximately linear whether or not the dose was expressed on a weight-corrected basis. A therapeutic range of 25-OHD to be expected when patients with these conditions are treated with vitamin D has been established. There may be certain exceptions in which plasma 25-OHD levels within the range are associated with either an inadequate response to treatment or, conversely, the hypercalcaemia of vitamin D toxicity. There was no correlation between plasma calcium level and 25-OHD concentration in the group of patients studied. There was also no difference between the dose/25-OHD relationship of patients treated with vitamin D2 and that of patients receiving vitamin D3. Ten patients were started on treatment with large doses of vitamin D during the period of the study. The rate of rise of plasma 25-OHD was followed during treatment. The incremental rise in 25-OHD was calculated at the end of the first week of treatment in terms of dose per unit body weight. The rate of rise of plasma 25-OHD level was highly correlated with the dose used. Plasma 25-OHD levels after one weeks' treatment were only 15-20% of the expected steady-state level on the same dosage. The importance of a high priming dose when a rapid response is needed is thus emphasised.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Bone Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholecalciferol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Hypercalcemia; Hypoparathyroidism; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin D

The aims of this study were to determine the dose of vitamin D2 that maintains the serum calcium level within the normal range in hypoparathyroid and pseudohypoparathyroid children and to establish a safe and quickly acting dose for initiating therapy in symptomatic patients. The dose requirement for maintenance therapy was studied in 11 patients and initiation therapy was studied in five newly diagnosed hypocalcemic patients. The results show that (1) the maintenance requirement of vitamin D2 is proportional to body weight and averages 2,000 IU (50 microgram)/kg/day for children of all ages and with all types of hypoparathyroid disorders and the (2) in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients, carefully controlled administration of 8,000 IU (200 microgram) vitamin D2/kg/day for the first one to two weeks corrects hypocalcemia quickly and safely.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Hypoparathyroidism; Male; Pseudohypoparathyroidism; Vitamin D

1. Hypertension was produced in rabbits by unilateral renal encapsulation combined with contralateral nephrectomy or by the administration of calciferol and calcium lactate. 2. Weighed post mortem, the adrenal glands from the two hypertensive groups were significantly heavier than those from normotensive animals of similar weight. There was a direct correlation between the adrenal gland weight and the mean arterial blood pressure measured at the time of the terminal experiment. 3. The catecholamine content of the adrenal glands from the two groups of hypertensive animals was similar to that of the normotensive animals. 4. There was histological evidence of adrenal cortical hypertrophy in the glands of the hypertensive groups of animals.

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Catecholamines; Ergocalciferols; Female; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Kidney; Male; Nephrectomy; Organ Size; Rabbits

A case of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia occurring in association with a carcinoma of prostate is described. Although only palliative treatment to the primary tumour was possible, worthwhile remission of bone symptoms, due to osteomalacia, was achieved with pharmacological doses of vitamin D. The presence of extensive skeletal metastases modified the radiological features of osteomalacia. Major alterations in the distribution of calcium within the skeleton were observed during a period when total body calcium remained unaltered. This observation may be of relevance to other cases in which osteosclerotic metastases develop.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Calcium; Carcinoma; Ergocalciferols; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteomalacia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiography; Vitamin D

Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium; Child; Dihydrotachysterol; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Ergocalciferols; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Hypoparathyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomalacia; Rickets; Time Factors; Ultraviolet Therapy; Vitamin D

Calciferol therapy for 12 months in white, Asian, and West Indian schoolchildren resulted in a highly significant increase in height and weight when compared with schoolchildren not so treated. The rate of fall of serum alkaline phosphatase was similar in both the treated and untreated schoolchildren and in other children treated in hospital for rickets. Dietary studies on 9% of the total survey by weighed inventory methods showed a low average intake of vitamin D, while random estimates of 25-hydroxycalciferol levels on 6% of the children were less than 3.8 ng/ml in 40% of those studied (principally Asian). It was concluded that there was a significant problem of vitamin D deficiency among Asian and West Indian teenagers and that white children were also affected to a less degree.

Topics: Adolescent; Alkaline Phosphatase; Asia; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Emigration and Immigration; England; Ergocalciferols; Female; Growth Disorders; Humans; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Male; Osteomalacia; Protein Binding; Rickets; Sunlight; Vitamin D Deficiency; West Indies

The potentiality of calciferol (alone and combined with warfarin) for the control of commensal rats and mice has been examined in the laboratory. Nearly all animals fed on 0.1% calciferol for 2 days died. Though illness usually reduced food intake after the first 24 hr. there was no sign of aversion to the poison at 0.1% - which is considered to be the lowest concentration suitable for use against Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus in the field. There was some indication that resistance to warfarin in R. norvegicus may be correlated with susceptibility to calciferol. Toxicity tests with calciferol combined with warfarin indicated an additive effect between the compounds. No evidence for synergism was found however, although elsewhere there is some evidence for this.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Ergocalciferols; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Mice; Rats; Rodent Control; Rodenticides; Warfarin

Topics: Administration, Topical; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Benz(a)Anthracenes; Body Weight; Calcium; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cheek; Cholecalciferol; Cricetinae; Ergocalciferols; Male; Models, Biological; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Protein Binding; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Animals; Blood; Body Weight; Cattle; Colostrum; Emulsions; Ergocalciferols; Female; Milk; Vitamin A

Topics: Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium; Child, Preschool; Cholecalciferol; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Hypophosphatemia, Familial; Male; Osteomalacia; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Radiography; Wrist

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Ergocalciferols; Feces; Femur; Fluorides; Kidney; Liver; Male; Nitrogen; Rats

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Body Weight; Cortisone; Ergocalciferols; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Organ Size; Placenta; Pregnancy; Rats

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Alpha-Globulins; Animals; Biological Transport; Biopsy; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Calcium; Carbon Isotopes; Centrifugation; Cholecalciferol; Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose; Chromatography, Gel; Diet; Electrophoresis, Disc; Ergocalciferols; Haplorhini; Immunoelectrophoresis; Lipoproteins; Male; Methods; Nutritional Requirements; Phosphorus; Protein Binding; Ribs; Serum Albumin; Spectrum Analysis; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium; Caseins; Diet; Ergocalciferols; Growth; Rats; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Diet; Dihydrotachysterol; Ergocalciferols; Hypercalcemia; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney; Magnesium; Phosphorus; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach; Tibia; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Chickens; Cholecalciferol; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Ergocalciferols; Ketones; Methods; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Extracts; Plants; Rickets; Spectrum Analysis; Sterols; Vitamin D; Zea mays

Topics: Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Cattle; Depression, Chemical; Ergocalciferols; Kidney; Mitochondria, Liver; Monoamine Oxidase; Peroxides; Rats; Serotonin; Tyramine; Vitamin D

Topics: Amino Acids; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysteine; Cystine; Cystinosis; Cystinuria; Diet Therapy; Dwarfism; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Ketoglutaric Acids; Male; Methionine; Pedigree; Penicillamine; Pyruvates; Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone Development; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Ergocalciferols; Female; Male; Organ Size; Phosphorus; Rats; Tooth; Vitamin D

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Ergocalciferols; Parathyroid Glands; Phosphorus; Rats; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Vitamin D Deficiency

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aorta; Blood Sedimentation; Body Weight; Calcinosis; Cholesterol; Chondroitin; Coronary Vessels; Ergocalciferols; Female; Flavonoids; Hematocrit; Necrosis; Nephrocalcinosis; Rats; Rutin

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Ergocalciferols; Female; Iodine Radioisotopes; Organ Size; Ovary; Parathyroid Hormone; Rats; Secretory Rate; Thymus Gland; Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine; Uterus

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Chickens; Cholecalciferol; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane; Dihydrotachysterol; Ergocalciferols; Liver; Male; Phosphorus; Rickets; Tibia; Vitamin D

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium Carbonate; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Ergocalciferols; Female; Growth; Male; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical; Vitamin D

Topics: Aminohippuric Acids; Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Creatinine; Diet; Edetic Acid; Ergocalciferols; Female; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Male; Metals; Pentetic Acid; Proteinuria; Rats