vitamin-b-12 and Peptic-Ulcer

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Dyspepsia; Female; Gastrectomy; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Postoperative Complications; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Anemia, Pernicious; Animals; Burns, Chemical; Celiac Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Gastric Juice; Gastritis; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Intrinsic Factor; Peptic Ulcer; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Present article is devoted to the study of the correlation between vitamin B12 serum level, hyperhomocysteinaemia and dyslipidemia. During research there were discovered that the lowest vitamin B12 serum level and the highest homocysteine serum level have been registrated in associated pathology (ischemic heart disease and acid peptic disease according to long-term proton pump inhibitor use) patients. It was shown evident correlation between that changes and dyslipidemia. Тhe complex therapy that includes parenteral B12 supplementation leads to more effective correction of hyperhomocysteinaemia and dyslipidemia in patients with comorbidity of ischemic heart disease and acid peptic disease with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors.

Topics: Cholesterol; Comorbidity; Dyslipidemias; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Infusions, Parenteral; Lipoproteins, LDL; Myocardial Ischemia; Peptic Ulcer; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Gastrectomy; Humans; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Placebos; Postoperative Complications; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most commonly prescribed drug groups in developed countries. Their approved indications include gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and prophylaxis against NSAID-induced gastroenteropathy in specific scenarios. Since their introduction into clinical practice, their usage has significantly increased, leading to concerns about possible inappropriate prescribing, which can result in a higher risk of side effects and increased economic costs. Consequently, in recent years, literature linking PPIs to various adverse effects has emerged, with some supported by robust evidence, while others are based on lower-quality evidence, requiring cautious interpretation. Among the adverse effects of PPIs, significant ones include an increased risk of fragility fractures, deficiencies in certain micronutrients such as vitamin B12 and magnesium, a higher incidence of enteric infections, especially Clostridioides difficile, complications in cirrhotic patients, and pharmacological interactions with other medications. In clinical practice, it is essential to periodically evaluate the rationale for prescribing these drugs and consider discontinuing them if there is no appropriate indication. Despite PPIs being generally safe medications, it is crucial to be aware of their potential adverse effects and appropriate indications to ensure their proper use.

Topics: Gastroesophageal Reflux; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Vitamin B 12

We investigated over time whether contemporary Japanese patients with complicated peptic ulcers have any water-soluble vitamin deficiencies soon after the onset of the complicated peptic ulcers. In this prospective cohort study, fasting serum levels of water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, and folic acid) and homocysteine were measured at 3 time points (at admission, hospital discharge, and 3 mo after hospital discharge). Among the 20 patients who were enrolled in the study, 10 consecutive patients who completed measurements at all 3 time points were analyzed. The proportion of patients in whom any of the serum water-soluble vitamins that we examined were deficient was as high as 80% at admission, and remained at 70% at discharge. The proportion of patients with vitamin B6 deficiency was significantly higher at admission and discharge (50% and 60%, respectively, p<0.05) than at 3 mo after discharge (10%). In conclusion, most patients with complicated peptic ulcers may have a deficiency of one or more water-soluble vitamins in the early phase of the disease after the onset of ulcer complications, even in a contemporary Japanese population.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ascorbic Acid; Cohort Studies; Female; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Homocysteine; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Prospective Studies; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, dementia and depression. Prevalence rate of hyperhomocysteinemia in gastrectomized patients is not well elucidated.. We compared plasma total homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate of gastrectomized male patients with those of control subjects.. Total homocysteine was higher in gastrectomized patients than in control subjects (11.7 +/- 4.4 micromol/l vs. 9.3 +/- 2.4 micromol/l, P = .011), while vitamin B12 was lower in patients than in control subjects (382 +/- 211 pg/ml vs. 500 +/- 179 pg/ml, P = .020). Folate of the two groups was comparable (5.8 +/- 2.5 ng/ml vs. 5.9 +/- 2.2 ng/ml). Of 31 gastrectomized patients six (19.4%) showed low vitamin B12 (<233 pg/ml), four (12.9%) low folate (<3.0 ng/ml) and seven (22.6%) hyperhomocysteinemia (>14 micromol/l), whereas they were found in one (3.2%), none (0%) and one (3.2%) of 31 control subjects, respectively. Patients who had undergone gastrectomy because of cancer showed higher total homocysteine compared to patients who had undergone it because of peptic ulcer. Type of surgery did not correlate with total homocysteine in the present study.. Hyperhomocysteinemia is not rare in male Japanese gastrectomized patients.

Topics: Case-Control Studies; Folic Acid; Gastrectomy; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Risk Factors; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The S-mephenytoin hydroxylase is a polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme, identified as CYP2C19, which catalyses the metabolism of omeprazole and some other drugs.. To determine whether long-term treatment with omeprazole affects serum vitamin B12 levels, and if so to what extent it depends on CYP2C19 activity.. Serum vitamin B12 levels (pmol/L) were assessed in 179 patients. Genotyping for wild-type (wt) and mutated (mut) CYP2C19 alleles was performed by allele-specific PCR amplification.. One-hundred and eleven of the patients received one dose of 20 mg omeprazole. No difference in B12 levels were found between heterozygous (wt/mut) (n = 23) and homozygous (wt/wt) (n = 85) patients (mean +/- s.d., 350 +/- 82 vs. 315 +/- 87 pmol/L, respectively). Three patients were mut/mut, with serum vitamin B12 levels of 303 +/- 50 pmol/L. In the 68 patients on long-term (>1 year) therapy with 20 mg omeprazole daily, serum vitamin B12 levels were lower in the heterozygous (wt/mut) (n = 19) compared to homozygous wt/wt (n = 49) (246 +/- 71 vs. 305 +/- 98 pmol/L, P = 0. 01, respectively). In one patient (mut/mut) who was studied both after a single dose and after long-term (15 months) treatment with omeprazole, serum vitamin B12 decreased from 360 to 178 pmol/L. In the wt/mut, but not in the wt/wt group, serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in patients on long-term therapy compared with those receiving one dose (246 +/- 71 vs. 350 +/- 82 pmol/L, P < 0.0001, respectively).. CYP2C19 polymorphism significantly affected serum vitamin B12 levels in patients on long-term therapy with omeprazole. In the future, genotyping of CYP2C19 may be useful for patients in need of long-term treatment with omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitors.

Topics: Anti-Ulcer Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzyme Inhibitors; Esophagitis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Omeprazole; Peptic Ulcer; Polymorphism, Genetic; Vitamin B 12

To discuss the potential of histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) to cause malabsorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin).. Pertinent literature was identified via a MEDLINE search. Journals and references cited in published articles also were used as data sources.. Studies evaluating the effect of H2RAs on vitamin B12 absorption were reviewed.. H2RAs decrease acid secretion by the gastric parietal cells. Gastric acid and pepsin produced by these cells are required for the cleavage of vitamin B12 from dietary sources. Intrinsic factor (IF), also produced by gastric parietal cells, is required for vitamin B12 absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Although H2RAs have not conclusively been shown to decrease IF secretion, studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in food-bound vitamin B12 absorption secondary to decreased acid secretion in patients taking these drugs.. H2RAs have the potential to cause vitamin B12 deficiency. This may be important in patients with inadequate stores of vitamin B12 (e.g., poor diet), particularly those receiving H2RA therapy continuously for more than two years. Healthcare providers should be aware of this potential adverse effect.

Topics: Cimetidine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Peptic Ulcer; Ranitidine; Vitamin B 12

A review of the effect on metabolism of antacids, anticholinergics and histamine H2-antagonists is given. It is stated that long-term treatment with antacids by a variety of mechanisms can cause severe metabolic complications such as the milk-alkali syndrome and phosphorus depletion. The interaction with other drugs can also be marked. There is very little known of the effect of anticholinergics on metabolism. Clinical experience has not indicated that any serious consequences will occur. The authors have investigated the effect continuous treatment with cimetidine 400 mg at night or twice daily for three years on weight, haemoglobin, plasma iron, plasma folate, plasma vitamin B12, albumin and plasma calcium. The only significant difference that occurred was a slight decrease of plasma calcium within the reference values. In conclusion it is stated that there is very little indication that the moderate and inconstant reduction of acidity over 24 hours which can be achieved by anticholinergics or twice daily administration of presently available H2-antagonists will result in metabolic consequences arising from reduced acidity. Higher doses given more frequently might give a risk for bacterial overgrowth with metabolic consequences.

Topics: Antacids; Calcium; Cimetidine; Folic Acid; Gastric Acid; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Iron; Malabsorption Syndromes; Parasympatholytics; Peptic Ulcer; Risk; Serum Albumin; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

In a prospective study vitamin B12 concentration was assayed in 22 patients before and 6.4 years after partial gastrectomy. S-B12 had decreased from 496 to 274 pg/ml, p less than 0.001. Four patients had pathological values and two were already on B12 substitution because of deficiency. No difference in B12 concentration was found between patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers or between Billroth I and II operations. Other hematological tests were normal, and the nutritional status of the patients was satisfactory. It is concluded that regular postoperative controls of S-B12 or prophylactic B12 therapy is indicated in these patients.

Topics: Gastrectomy; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Prospective Studies; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

During the period from 1971 to 1981 in 145 patients (108 adults and 37 children) partial resections of the intestine were practiced (in the surgical clinic of the Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena). Fatality on the whole was about 25%. The surgical intervention with an extensive resection (more than 150 cm) was well tolerated by seven among 13 patients. Even in cases of shorter resections disturbances of resorption could be found especially for carbohydrates and vitamin B 12. Control examinations are necessary and therapeutic consequences have to be drawn.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Fats; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Obstruction; Intestine, Small; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Postoperative Complications; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Anti-Ulcer Agents; Bismuth; Cimetidine; Guanidines; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; DNA; Drug Evaluation; Folic Acid; Humans; Middle Aged; Pentoxyl; Peptic Ulcer; RNA; Stimulation, Chemical; Uracil; Vitamin B 12

It is reported on a patient with Addison-Biermer's disease who was admitted to hospital under the diagnosis of a bleeding ventricle ulcer and in whom was detected a thrombocytopenic haemorrhagic diathesis. By means of injections of vitamin B12 a complete haematologic remission was achieved. The absence of a clear increase of reticulocytes as a sequel of the blood transfusions performed before the specific therapy is discussed.

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Pernicious; Blood Transfusion; Diagnosis, Differential; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Humans; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Thrombocytopenia; Vitamin B 12

200 consecutive patients operated on for gastric (GU) or duodenal (DU) ulcer in 1956 to 1957 were followed up until 1974. 25 of them died within five years of primary operation and were excluded to eliminate the possibility of coexisting ulcer and malignancy at the time of operation. Four patients could not be traced and 65 died within the follow-up period, but none of them of gastric carcinoma. 46 out of 106 living patients came for re-examination and gastroscopy was performed in 42 of them. The remaining 60 patients were examined by questionnaire. According to the Finnish Cancer Registry none of them had gastric carcinoma. The expected number of gastric carcinomas in the present series was calculated to be 2.3 and of all malignancies 13.6, but only one gastric carcinoma and 19 other malignancies were detected. The gastric carcinoma detected endoscopically and verified bioptically and cytologically was microscopically of anaplastic type. Most of the patients were in excellent general condition without gastric complaints. The present series reveals no clearcut causal relationship between gastric resection and late development of stump carcinoma.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Calcium; Duodenum; Female; Finland; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrectomy; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Postoperative Complications; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Child; Cholelithiasis; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet Therapy; Diet, Diabetic; Diet, Reducing; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Osteoporosis; Peptic Ulcer; Pregnancy; Ureteral Calculi; Urinary Bladder Calculi; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ferrous Compounds; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrectomy; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Hemosiderin; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Pyloric Antrum; Transferrin; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12

Fasting serum pyridoxal was assayed by an automated microbiological system in 50 patients with endoscopically confirmed active peptic ulceration. Thirty patients had gastric ulceration, 14 had duodenal, four had pyloric canal ulceration, and two had both a gastric and a duodenal ulcer. Serum pyridoxal was below normal in 28 of the gastric ulcer group and in one of the duodenal ulcer group. No difference in the age, sex, drug, alcohol intake, or diet could be distinguished between those two groups.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Biological Assay; Duodenal Ulcer; Euglena gracilis; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Pylorus; Pyridoxal; Sex Factors; Stomach Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Gastrectomy; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Chromatography; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Disability Evaluation; Duodenal Ulcer; Dyspepsia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neurologic Examination; Neurologic Manifestations; Pain; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Postural Balance; Sensation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Dyspepsia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neurologic Examination; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Postural Balance; Sensation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Cobalt Radioisotopes; Feces; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Malabsorption Syndromes; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Female; Gastrectomy; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Stomach; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Agar; Anemia; Blind Loop Syndrome; Body Weight; Diet; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastroenterostomy; Hemoglobins; Humans; Indican; Intestine, Small; Iron; Lipids; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Postoperative Complications; Tryptophan; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Buffers; Chlorides; Cobalt Isotopes; Dogs; Duodenal Ulcer; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Glycine; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Pentagastrin; Peptic Ulcer; Potassium; Pyloric Antrum; Pylorus; Sodium; Stimulation, Chemical; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer; Vitamin B 12; Wound Healing

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Gastric Acidity Determination; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Jejunum; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Stomach Ulcer; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Histidine; Humans; Occupational Medicine; Peptic Ulcer; Thiamine; Uracil; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Cobalt Isotopes; Duodenal Ulcer; Gastritis; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Peptic Ulcer; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Cobalt Isotopes; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Gastrectomy; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Iron; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Schilling Test; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Autoantibodies; Body Height; Body Weight; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Histamine; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Iron; Ischemia; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Polycythemia Vera; Stomach Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Animals; Antibodies; Cobalt Isotopes; Gastric Juice; Haplorhini; Humans; Immunoassay; Intrinsic Factor; Peptic Ulcer; Protein Binding; Rats; Species Specificity; Stomach Neoplasms; Swine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Colitis; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Histidine; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Methods; Pantothenic Acid; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Benzimidazoles; Bone and Bones; Coenzymes; Gastric Juice; Oxytetracycline; Peptic Ulcer; Prednisone; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Alcoholism; Female; Humans; Male; Nicotinic Acids; Peptic Ulcer; Transaminases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Azoles; Cobalt Isotopes; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Hematinics; Histamine; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Male; Methacholine Compounds; Peptic Ulcer; Pharmacology; Radiometry; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Absorption; Amino Acids; Digestion; Fats; Gastrectomy; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Nutritional Status; Peptic Ulcer; Physiology; Proteins; Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Achlorhydria; Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Animals; Cobalt Isotopes; Electrophoresis; Gastrectomy; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Guinea Pigs; Histamine; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Mucosa; Intrinsic Factor; Pathology; Peptic Ulcer; Rats; Research; Saliva; Stomach Neoplasms; Urine; Vagus Nerve; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Diet; Diet Therapy; Dumping Syndrome; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Malnutrition; Oleic Acid; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Stomach Neoplasms; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Suture Techniques; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Corrinoids; Cortisone; Hematinics; Hunger; Peptic Ulcer; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Ulcer; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Humans; Iron; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Corrinoids; Duodenal Ulcer; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Achlorhydria; Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Atrophy; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Erythropoiesis; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Metabolism; Peptic Ulcer; Pharmacology; Physiology; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Aplastic; Blood Chemical Analysis; Gastritis; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Anemia, Macrocytic; Duodenal Ulcer; Gastrectomy; Humans; Pathology; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Corrinoids; Hematinics; Peptic Ulcer; Rats; Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Blood Proteins; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Electrolytes; Gastrectomy; Hematinics; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Corrinoids; Gastric Juice; Hematinics; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Food; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Autonomic Agents; Corrinoids; Electrocardiography; Ganglionic Blockers; Hexamethonium; Peptic Ulcer; Sparteine; Tetraethylammonium; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Brain; Gizzard, Non-avian; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Brain; Chickens; Corrinoids; Duodenal Ulcer; Humans; Meat; Peptic Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Antacids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Pressure; Cortisone; Dibenzylchlorethamine; Dicumarol; Epilepsy; Ergot Alkaloids; Heart Failure; Heparin; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Hydantoins; Hypersensitivity; Hypertension; Hyperthyroidism; Imidazoles; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney; Meperidine; Mephenesin; Methadone; Motion Sickness; Norepinephrine; Organomercury Compounds; Peptic Ulcer; Tetraethylammonium; Therapeutics; Thiouracil; Thrombosis; Veratrum; Vitamin B 12