vitamin-b-12 and Hyperthyroidism

Numerous studies have found an association between vitamin deficiency and thyroid disorders (TD). The presence of anti-parietal cell antibodies is indicative of reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12. Thus, this study reviewed the existing studies with the objective of assessing differences in the serum levels of vitamin B12 among patients with and without TD, the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with TD, and the presence of anti-parietal cell antibodies in patients with TD.. A meta-analysis of random-effects model was conducted to calculate pooled frequencies, mean differences (MD), and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). We identified 64 studies that met our inclusion criteria (n = 28597).. We found that patients with hypothyroidism had lower vitamin B12 levels than healthy participants (MD: -60.67 pg/mL; 95% CI: -107.31 to -14.03 pg/mL; p = 0.01). No significant differences in vitamin B12 levels were observed between healthy participants and patients with hyperthyroidism (p = 0.78), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) (p = 0.22), or subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) (p = 0.79). The frequencies of vitamin B12 deficiency among patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, SH, and AITD were 27%, 6%, 27%, and 18%, respectively.. Patients with hypothyroidism had lower levels of vitamin B12 than healthy participants. No significant differences were observed between vitamin B12 levels and hyperthyroidism, AITD, or SH.. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=324422, identifier (CRD42022324422).

Topics: Autoantibodies; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Anemia frequently occurs during course of clinical thyroid diseases. Without proper diagnosis & effective treatment of underlying thyroid disease, it is often difficult to achieve complete correction of anemia.. The present study was conducted to assess prevalence & types of anaemia in patients with thyroid disorders.. A cross sectional study was conducted on 160 patients including both hypothyroid & hyperthyroid patients at OPD/IPD in SRN Hospital affiliated to MLN Medical college Prayagraj between July 2021 & August 2022. Blood samples were taken to estimate CBC, GBP with Retic count, S. ferritin, S. folate, S. Vitamin B12, Thyroid profile. Data was entered in MS Excel Spreadsheet & appropriate statistical package applied.. Out of 144 hypothyroid patients, 102 (70.83%) were found to be anaemic & out of 16 hyperthyroid patients, 6 (37.5%) were found to be anaemic. In 102 anaemic hypothyroid patients, 56 (54.9%)had normocytic normochromic, 25 (24.5%) had microcytic and 21 (20.5%) had macrocytic anaemia. In 6 anaemic hyperthyroid patients, 3 (50%) had normocytic normochromic, 2(33.33%) had microcytic and 1 (16.67%) had macrocytic anaemia.. High prevalence of anaemia was found in patients with thyroid disorders. Anaemia is an uncommon finding in hyperthyroidism but when present may be similar to that present in hypothyroidism. The most common type of anaemia in both hyperthyroidism & hypothyroidism was found to be normocytic normochromic, followed by microcytic & least common being macrocytic. References Suhail N, Abu Alsel BT, Batool S. Prevalence and association of thyroid dysfunction with anemia/body iron status among northern border Saudi population. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020;9(3):1-7. Peraka SA, Karre S, Ravuri S, et al., To evaluate prevalence of anemia in hypothyroid patients. J Diagn Pathol Oncol 2019;4(2):110-113.

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Hormones; Vitamin B 12

Hypocobalaminaemia is common in dogs and cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and/or chronic enteropathy. While hypocobalaminaemia has been extensively studied, naturally-occurring serum hypercobalaminaemia (i.e. without supplementation) might be an underestimated finding in small animal medicine. Studies in human medicine have associated hypercobalaminaemia with neoplastic, hepatic and renal disease. Medical records of all dogs and cats with serum cobalamin concentration measurements (2007-2019) were retrospectively analysed; any that had received supplemental cobalamin were excluded from the analysis. Of 654 dogs, 3% (n = 21) were hypercobalaminaemic (median serum cobalamin concentration, 1307 ng/L [965 pmol/L]; range, 914-3561 ng/L [675-2628 pmol/L]). Chronic gastrointestinal signs were common in hypercobalaminaemic dogs (48%). Two of the 21 hypercobalaminaemic dogs were diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism. Of 323 cats, 11% (n = 34) were hypercobalaminaemic (median serum cobalamin concentration, 1713 ng/L [1264 pmol/L]; range, 1370-3107 ng/L [1011-2293 pmol/L]). The following comorbidities were diagnosed in hypercobalaminaemic cats: chronic enteropathy, 65% (n = 22); acute or chronic pancreatitis, 24% (n = 8); cholangiohepatopathy, 18% (n = 6); gastric lymphoma, 6% (n = 2); and 3% hyperthyroidism (n = 1). Naturally-occurring increased serum cobalamin concentrations occurred infrequently in cats and even less often in dogs. Since hypercobalaminaemia can occur in dogs and cats with severe inflammatory, immune-mediated, and neoplastic conditions, it should not be ignored.

Topics: Adrenal Insufficiency; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hyperthyroidism; Pancreatitis; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin B 12

Autoimmune thyroiditis can be diagnosed by measuring patients' serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TGA), and anti-thyroid microsomal antibody (TMA). This study evaluated whether there were hematinic deficiencies, high blood homocysteine levels, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity in patients with TGA or TMA.. The blood hemoglobin (Hb), iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine and TSH concentrations and the serum GPCA level in 190 TGA- or TMA-positive patients were measured and compared with the corresponding levels in 190 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects.. We found that 31 (16.3%), 27 (14.2%), 12 (6.3%), and 2 (1.1%) TGA- or TMA-positive patients had deficiencies of Hb (Men<13g/dL, Women<12g/dL), iron (< 60μg/dL), vitamin B12 (< 200pg/mL), and folic acid (< 4ng/mL), respectively. Moreover, 25 (13.2%) and 48 (25.3%) TGA- or TMA-positive patients had abnormally high blood homocysteine level and serum GPCA positivity, respectively. TGA- or TMA-positive patients had a significantly higher frequency of Hb (p<0.001), iron (p<0.001), or vitamin B12 deficiency (p=0.001), of abnormally elevated blood homocysteine level (p=0.001), or of serum GPCA positivity (p<0.001) than healthy control subjects. Of 190 TGA- or TMA-positive patients, 8 (4.2%) had lower serum TSH level (< 0.1μIU/mL, suggestive of hyperthyroidism), 163 (85.8%) had serum TSH level within normal range (0.1-4.5μIU/mL), and 19 (10%) had higher serum TSH level (>4.5μIU/mL, suggestive of hypothyroidis).. There are significant deficiencies of hemoglobin, iron, and vitamin B12, abnormally high blood homocysteine levels, and serum GPCA positivity in TGA- or TMA-positive patients. In addition, the majority (85.8%) of TGA- or TMA-positive patients had euthyroid and only a small portion (14.2%) of TGA- or TMA-positive patients had either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autoantibodies; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Hemoglobins; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Male; Middle Aged; Parietal Cells, Gastric; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

To determine the prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in cats with moderate to severe hyperthyroidism and to investigate the relationship between cobalamin status and selected haematologic parameters.. Serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in 76 spontaneously hyperthyroid cats [serum thyroxine (T(4) ) concentration ≥100 nmol/L] and 100 geriatric euthyroid cats. Erythrocyte and neutrophil counts in hyperthyroid cats with hypocobalaminaemia were compared with those in hyperthyroid cats with adequate serum cobalamin concentrations (≥290 ng/L).. The median cobalamin concentration in hyperthyroid cats was lower than the control group (409 versus 672 ng/L; P=0·0040). In addition, 40·8% of hyperthyroid cats had subnormal serum cobalamin concentrations compared with 25% of controls (P=0·0336). Weak negative correlation (coefficient: -0·3281) was demonstrated between serum cobalamin and T(4) concentrations in the hyperthyroid population, and the median cobalamin concentration was lower in cats with T(4) above the median of 153 nmol/L compared with cats with T(4) below this value (P=0·0281). Hypocobalaminaemia was not associated with neutropenia or anaemia in hyperthyroid cats.. This study indicates that a substantial proportion of cats with T(4) ≥100 nmol/L are hypocobalaminaemic and suggests that hyperthyroidism directly or indirectly affects cobalamin uptake, excretion or utilisation in this species.

Topics: Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Prevalence; Thyroxine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is frequently accompanied by other organ-specific diseases. We investigated the frequency of the association AITD-Biermer's disease (BD) in patients with AITD by investigating the prevalence of intrinsic factor antibodies (IF-Ab).. Sera from 113 patients with AITD (hypo- or hyperthyroidism) were screened for the presence of type I IF-Ab with a competitive automated immunoassay based. Matched sera from 113 patients with dysthyroidism (not AITD) were tested.. Four IF-Ab positive patients suffered from AITD. BD was known for two of them and strongly suspected in the two others. All patients with no AITD tested IF-Ab negative. B12 levels were often low whatever the etiology.. The prevalence of IF-AbI is higher (3.5%) in patients with AITD. Prospective studies should investigate whether correcting thyroid dysfunction improves vitamin B12 levels, and establish whether routine screening for gastric autoimmunity is clinically useful or purely academic.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia, Pernicious; Autoantibodies; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant; Intrinsic Factor; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Vitamin B 12; Young Adult

It is claimed in a limited number of studies carried out on human beings that plasma homocysteine levels increased in hypothyroid patients and decreased in hyperthyroid patients.. The aim of this study is to determine total plasma homocysteine, thyroid function tests, vitamin B12, folic acid and lipid levels and to explore the relations among them in rat models with induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism with a view to investigating whether hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rat models could represent human hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism models.. The study included 30 male Wistar Albino species rats with a mean weight of 200 - 250 g. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups as 1) hypothyroid group, 2) hyperthyroid group and 3) control group. Hypothyroidism was induced by adding 10 mg/kg/day propylthiouracil to rats' drinking water for 30 days. In order to induce hyperthyroidism, rats were administered 10 microg/100 g L-thyroxin ampule via intraperitoneal route for 10 days.. We found that total plasma homocysteine level of the hypothyroid group was significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05) and the hyperthyroid group (p<0.001). Total plasma homocysteine level of the hypothyroid group was found insignificantly higher than that of the control group (p>0.05) and significantly higher than that of the hyperthyroid group (p<0.001). We established a significant and positive correlation between total plasma homocysteine level and thyroid hormone levels. We did not identify a significant relation between total plasma homocysteine level and serum folic acid and serum vitamin B12 levels.. Our findings are different from the findings reported in human hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism studies. We believe that hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rat models cannot represent human hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism models.

Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Cholesterol; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Lipids; Male; Propylthiouracil; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroxine; Vitamin B 12

Hyperhomocysteinaemia is a risk factor for premature atherosclerotic vascular disease and venous thrombosis. The aim of the present study was to assess plasma total homocysteine (tHCys) concentrations in hypo- as well as hyperthyroid patients before and after treatment, and to evaluate the role of potential determinants of plasma tHCys levels in these patients.. Prospective follow up study.. Fifty hypothyroid and 46 hyperthyroid patients were studied in the untreated state and again after restoration of euthyroidism.. Fasting plasma levels of tHCys and its putative determinants (plasma levels of free thyroxine (fT4), folate, vitamin B(12), renal function, sex, age, smoking status and the C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene were measured before and after treatment.. Restoration of the euthyroid state decreased both tHCys (17.6 +/- 10.2-13.0 +/- 4.7 micromol/l; P < 0.005) and creatinine (83.9 +/- 22.0-69.8 +/- 14.2 micromol/l; P < 0.005) in hypothyroid patients and increased both tHCys (10.7 +/- 2.5-13.4 +/- 3.3 micromol/l; P < 0.005) and creatinine (49.0 +/- 15.4-66.5 +/- 15.0 micromol/l; P < 0.005) in hyperthyroid patients (values as mean +/- SD). Folate levels were lower in the hypothyroid group compared to the hyperthyroid group (11.7 +/- 6.4 and 15.1 +/- 7.6 nmol/l; P < 0.05). Pretreatment tHCys levels correlated with log fT(4) (r = - 0.47), folate (r = - 0.21), plasma creatinine (r = 0.45) and age (r = 0.35) but not with C677T genotype. Multivariate analysis indicated that pretreatment log(fT(4)) levels and age accounted for 28% the variability of pre-treatment tHCys (tHCys = 14.2-5.50 log(fT(4)) + 0.14 age). After treatment the logarithm of the change (Delta) in fT(4) (expressed as the post-treatment fT(4)/pre-treatment fT(4) ratio) accounted for 45% of the variability in change of tHCys ( tHCys = - 0.07-4.94 log ( fT(4))); there was no independent contribution of changes in creatinine which was, however, strongly related to changes in tHCys (r = 0.61).. Plasma tHCys concentrations increased in hypothyroidism and decreased in hyperthyroidism. Plasma fT(4) is an independent determinant of tHCys concentrations. Lower folate levels and a lower creatinine clearance in hypo-thyroidism, and a higher creatinine clearance in hyperthyroidism only partially explain the changes in tHCys.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Creatinine; Female; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Linear Models; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP); Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Genetic; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Smoking; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroxine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Transcobalamins; Vitamin B 12

We found a higher plasma concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, in patients with hypothyroidism (mean, 16.3 micromol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.7 to 17.9 micromol/L) than in healthy controls (mean, 10.5 micromol/L; 95% CI, 10.1 to 10.9 micromol/L). The tHcy level of hyperthyroid patients did not differ significantly from that of the controls. Serum creatinine was higher in hypothyroid patients and lower in hyperthyroid patients than in controls, whereas serum folate was higher in hyperthyroid patients compared with the two other groups. In multivariate analysis, these differences did not explain the higher tHcy concentration in hypothyroidism. We confirmed the observation of elevated serum cholesterol in hypothyroidism, which together with the hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to an accelerated atherogenesis in these patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Creatinine; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Risk Factors; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Vitamin B 12

Serum and red blood cell folate levels and serum B12 concentration were determined by radioassay in 20 hyperthyroid patients and compared with values obtained when the same patients had been euthyroid for at least 4 months. In hyperthyroidism, the levels of serum and red blood cell folate were significantly (P less than .01) higher than when euthyroidism was achieved. There was no significant change in serum B12 concentration. Declines in serum and red blood cell folate levels between hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism occurred in 15 and 16 of the 20 patients, respectively. Although the explanation for the relative elevations of serum and red blood cell folate levels in hyperthyroid patients is unclear at present, our findings do not support the view that hyperthyroidism in man is associated with depletion of folate stores or subclinical deficiency of the vitamin.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cell Fractionation; Erythrocytes; False Positive Reactions; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroxine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Folic Acid; Histidine; Hyperthyroidism; Liver; Methionine; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP); Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Thyroxine; Tissue Extracts; Vitamin B 12

Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were measured in 48 hyperthyroid patients and in a group of euthyroid controls. The levels of vitamin B12 ranged from 120-900 pg/ml with a mean of 429.3 +/- 30.9 pg/ml (SE). The mean serum vitamin B12 level was lower in hyperthyroid patients than in normal controls, the difference being statistically significant (t = 2.584, p less than 0.025). Serum vitamin B12 levels showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the clinical index of Grooks et al. (r = 0.344, p less than 0.05). The findings, although not excluding the involvement of auto-immune gastritis in patients with low serum vitamin B12 levels, suggest a direct action of increased thyroid hormone concentrations. Serum folic acid levels ranged from 0.5-13.8 ng/ml with a mean of 6.8 +/- 0.46 ng/ml (SE). The mean serum folic acid levels were higher in the hyperthyroid patients than in normal controls but the difference was not statistically significant (t = 1.2, p greater than 0.2). The serum folic acid levels did not show any statistically significant correlation with the clinical index of Grooks et al. The fact that no statistically significant difference was found between the mean value in hyperthyroid patients and the mean value in normal controls is probably due to the high folic acid intake in Greece.

Topics: Adult; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Absorption; Adult; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Neurocirculatory Asthenia; Radiometry; Vitamin B 12; Whole-Body Counting

We measured the levels of serum folate and vitamin B12 in newly discovered hypothyroid (n =56) and hyperthyroid (n =47) patients and in age- and sex-matched control subjects (n =103). Except for one patient with latent pernicious anemia, serum folate and vitamin B12 levels did not differ greatly in our patients and in our control subjects. Another patient was receiving monthly injections of cyanocobalamin for previously diagnosed pernicious anemia. We conclude that abnormalities of thyroid function per se did not alter serum folate or vitamin B12 levels in our patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin B 12

Qualitative and quantitative studies of erythropoiesis in 23 patients with hypothyroidism and 21 patients with hyperthryoidism included routine hematologic evaluation, bone marrow morphology, status of serum iron, B12 and folate red blood cell mass and plasma volume by radioisotope methods, erythrokinetics and radiobioassay of plasma erythropoietin. A majority of patients with the hypothyroid state had significant reduction in red blood cell mas per kg of body weight. The presence of anemia in many of these patients was not evident from hemoglobin and hematocrit values due to concomitant reduction of plasma volume. The erythrokinetic data in hypothyroid patients provided evidence of significant decline of the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow. Erythroid cells in the marrow were depleted and also showed reduced proliferative activity as indicated by lower 3H-thymidine labeling index. Plasma erythropoietin levels were reduced, often being immeasurable by the polycythemic mouse bioassay technique. These changes in erythropoiesis in the hypothyroid state appear to be a part of physiological adjustment to the reduced oxygen requirement of the tissues due to diminished basal metabolic rate. Similar investigations revealed mild erythrocytosis in a significant proportion of patients with hyperthyroidism. Failure of erythrocytosis to occur in other patients of this group was associated with impaired erythropoiesis due to a deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 and folate. The mean plasma erythropoietin level of these patients was significantly elevated; in 4 patients the levels were in the upper normal range whereas in the rest, the values were above the normal range. The bone marrow showed erythyroid hyperplasia in all patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean 3H-thymidine labeling index of the erythroblasts was also significantly higher than normal in hyperthyroidism; in 8 patients the index was within the normal range whereas in the remaining 13 it was above the normal range. Erythrokinetic studies also provided evidences of increased erythropoietic activity in the bone marrow. It is postulated that thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis, sometimes leading to erythrocytosis provided there is no deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients. Stimulation of erythropoiesis by thryoid hormones appears to be mediated through erythropoietin.

Topics: Biological Assay; Bone Marrow Examination; Cell Division; Erythrocytes; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Folic Acid; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iron; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Plasma Volume; Polycythemia; Thymidine; Vitamin B 12

Evidence of cell-mediated immunity to gastric intrinsic factor was present in 86% of patients with pernicious anaemia and in at least 13% of patients with hyperthyroidism, 21% of patients with atrophic gastritis, and four out of nine (46%) patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Controls gave negative results. The four patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia and cell-mediated immunity to intrinsic factor had evidence of impaired gastric function.

Topics: Agammaglobulinemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Antibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Cell Migration Inhibition; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Gastritis; Hematocrit; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Immunity, Cellular; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Leukocytes; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Calcium; Celiac Disease; Dietary Fats; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Guanethidine; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Intestinal Absorption; Iodine Isotopes; Iron; Lactose Intolerance; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Propranolol; Prothrombin Time; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Immunoglobulin M; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Jejunum; Middle Aged; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Asthenia; Body Weight; Cachexia; Chronic Disease; Cytidine; Diabetes Complications; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Liver Diseases; Liver Extracts; Male; Middle Aged; Nucleosides; Uridine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Antibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Cell Movement; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastric Juice; Gastritis; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Myxedema; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Bone Marrow Examination; Female; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Intestinal Absorption; Iodine Isotopes; Iron; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Basement Membrane; Complement System Proteins; Erythrocytes; gamma-Globulins; Glomerulonephritis; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Intrinsic Factor; Iodine Isotopes; Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator; Myasthenia Gravis; Organ Specificity; Thyrotropin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Leukocytes; Methylthiouracil; Peritonitis; Phagocytosis; Rabbits; Thyroid Hormones; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Pernicious; Asian People; Atrophy; Autoantibodies; Female; Gastritis; Hong Kong; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Antibodies; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Intrinsic Factor; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Hypochromic; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Pernicious; Bone Marrow Examination; Cestode Infections; Erythrocytes; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iron; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Transferases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aged; Ascites; Ascitic Fluid; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Thyroxine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Pernicious; Female; Gastritis; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; India; Intrinsic Factor; Thyroid Function Tests; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Catalase; Cell Nucleus; Formates; Hyperthyroidism; Jejunum; Kidney; Liver; Magnesium; Mitochondria; Rats; Spleen; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Child; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Down Syndrome; Electrocardiography; Electrophysiology; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Meningitis; Physiology; Reflex; Reflex, Abnormal; Triiodothyronine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Absorption; Blood Volume Determination; Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney Function Tests; Phosphorus Isotopes; Placenta; Pregnancy; Radioisotopes; Radiotherapy; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated; Thyroid Function Tests; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Humans; Hyperthyroidism; In Vitro Techniques; Iodides; Thyrotoxicosis; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Animals; Hyperthyroidism; Pantothenic Acid; Rats; Thyrotoxicosis; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Hyperthyroidism; Liver Diseases; Mitochondria; Rats; Thyrotoxicosis; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Animals; Hematinics; Hyperthyroidism; Rats; Thyrotoxicosis; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Corrinoids; Hematinics; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Myxedema; Thyrotoxicosis; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Corrinoids; Hyperthyroidism; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Hyperthyroidism; Liver; Phosphates; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Corrinoids; Hematinics; Hyperthyroidism; Liver; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Columbidae; Corrinoids; Hematinics; Hyperthyroidism; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Pentoses; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Corrinoids; Hematinics; Hyperthyroidism; Liver; Liver Extracts; Nitrogen; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Animals; Corrinoids; Female; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Corrinoids; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Antacids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Pressure; Cortisone; Dibenzylchlorethamine; Dicumarol; Epilepsy; Ergot Alkaloids; Heart Failure; Heparin; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Hydantoins; Hypersensitivity; Hypertension; Hyperthyroidism; Imidazoles; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney; Meperidine; Mephenesin; Methadone; Motion Sickness; Norepinephrine; Organomercury Compounds; Peptic Ulcer; Tetraethylammonium; Therapeutics; Thiouracil; Thrombosis; Veratrum; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Carbohydrates; Corrinoids; Growth; Hematinics; Hyperthyroidism; Physiological Phenomena; Rats; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Hyperthyroidism; Liver; Liver Extracts; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamins