vitamin-b-12 and Hypercholesterolemia

Topics: Antimetabolites; Arteriosclerosis; Ascorbic Acid; Cholesterol; Choline; Corrinoids; Ethyl Biscoumacetate; Heparin; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Iodoacetates; Lipotropic Agents; Magnesium Sulfate; Neomycin; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Progesterone; Pyridoxine; Thyroxine; Triparanol; Vitamin B 12

No data are currently available on the prevalence and control of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in secondary prevention depending on the cardiac or cerebral localization of the ischemic disease. We investigated the prevalence and control of modifiable CV risk factors, as well as the determinants of CV risk factors' control and adequate treatment in a secondary prevention cohort, the SU-FOL-OM3 study cohort, to determine the role of the localization of the ischemic disease including events.. A total of 2491 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of all modifiable risk factors was high in both coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) groups. Control of all risk factors and the presence of antiplatelet medication were noted in 29.6% of patients with coronary heart disease and 11% of patients with CVD. The cardiac localization of the including event was independently associated with the control of each of the risk factors studied (hypertension, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, smoking) and to the control of all risk factors present and prescription of antiplatelet therapy with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.72 (1.97-3.75).. There is a need to improve the control of CV risk factors in secondary prevention patients. This is particularly crucial for patients with CVD.

Topics: Aged; Anticholesteremic Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Biomarkers; Brain Ischemia; Chi-Square Distribution; Cholesterol, LDL; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Folic Acid; France; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Hypoglycemic Agents; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Ischemia; Odds Ratio; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Secondary Prevention; Smoking Cessation; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Therapeutic lifestyle changes include dietary modifications such as inclusion of phytosterols, which effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in margarines and other fats. Their effectiveness in nonfat moieties is not yet established. The aim of this study was to examine if phytosterols alter the plasma lipoprotein profile when incorporated into nonfat orange juice.. After a 2-week run-in phase with orange juice, 72 mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy subjects were randomized to receive either placebo orange juice (placebo OJ) or plant sterol-fortified orange juice (sterol OJ) (2g/d) for 8 weeks. Fasting blood was obtained at baseline, after 2 weeks of OJ, and after 8 weeks of placebo/sterol-OJ supplementation. Sterol OJ supplementation significantly decreased total (7.2%), LDL (12.4%), and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (7.8%) compared with baseline and compared with placebo OJ (P<0.01). Apolipoprotein B levels were significantly decreased (9.5%) with sterol OJ. There were no significant changes in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides with the sterol OJ. While folate and B12 levels significantly increased, homocysteine levels were unchanged.. Orange juice fortified with plant sterols are effective in reducing LDL cholesterol and could easily be incorporated into the therapeutic lifestyle changes dietary regimen.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Apolipoproteins B; Beverages; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Citrus; Double-Blind Method; Female; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Male; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Cholesterol; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypolipidemic Agents; Prospective Studies; Simvastatin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cholesterol; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Pravastatin; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6

This study was conducted in preparation for the Study Evaluating Additional Reduction in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH). SEARCH is a 12,000 patient 2X2 factorial study in post-myocardial infarction patients that will compare simvastatin 20 mg with simvastatin 80 mg to evaluate whether greater LDL-C reductions with simvastatin provide greater coronary event reductions. SEARCH will also test the hypothesis that lowering plasma homocysteine with folic acid and vitamin B12 will reduce coronary events. This pilot study was performed to determine whether any clinically meaningful interaction between simvastatin and folic acid/vitamin B12 exists.. Following a 2-week diet/placebo run-in period, 141 patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia were randomised to one of three treatments for 6 weeks: 80 mg/day simvastatin and 2 mg folic acid/0.8 mg vitamin B12 daily (combination group); or 80 mg/day simvastatin and placebo vitamins (simvastatin alone group); or 2 mg folic acid/0.8 mg vitamin B12 daily and placebo simvastatin (vitamins alone group). The combination group and simvastatin alone group experienced similar serum lipid changes with reductions in LDL-cholesterol of 55.2% and 51.5% respectively. The combination group and vitamins alone group experienced similar homocysteine lowering with reductions in homocysteine of 25.3% and 23.1% respectively. All therapies were well tolerated.. There was no detectable antagonistic effect when simvastatin and folic acid/vitamin B12 were administered concomitantly.

Topics: Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypercholesterolemia; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Pilot Projects; Placebos; Simvastatin; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12

Four female and five male patients (mean age 26 years) with hyperlipoproteinaemia type II A were treated with an anion exchange gel (Secholex) 9 g/day for 3 months and 15 g/day for 9 months. After these 12 months clofibrate 1.5 g/day was added to the therapy in 6 patients, whereas 2 patients continued with the resin alone for another 6 months, and one was withdrawn from the trial because of pregnancy. During the first year plasma cholesterol decreased averagely 18% from a mean pretreatment value of 461 mg/100 ml. Dosis of 9 g/day seemed to be as efficient as 15 g/day. When clofibrate was added, a further decrease of plasma cholesterol by 6% was observed, and the levels of triglycerides were reduced. Significantly increased concentrations of bile acids and a rise in the glycine/taurine ratio in duodenal aspirate were caused by the resin. On combined treatment the concentration of bile acids decreased to the pretreatment values, whereas the glycine/taurine ratio remained unchanged. During the trial slight transient changes in serum folic acid, fasting insulin, calcium, alkaline phosphatases, and vitamin B 12-absorption occurred. No changes in serum vitamin A, vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors, serum gastrin, gastric acid output, the absorption of glucose and iron, and faecal excretion of fat were observed. Serum insulin 30 and 60 minutes after an oral glucose loading decreased in the patients on combined treatment, whereas the insulin response remained normal in patients taking Secholex alone. Liver function tests and creatinine were unchanged during the trial. Apart from transient abdominal discomfort in two patients, no side-effects were discovered. The patients found the gel palatable.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anion Exchange Resins; Bile Acids and Salts; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clofibrate; Dextrans; Drug Therapy, Combination; Duodenum; Female; Folic Acid; Gastric Juice; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperlipidemias; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Ion Exchange Resins; Lipids; Lipoproteins, LDL; Male; Phospholipids; Secretory Rate; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); Oxidative Stress; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Vitamin B 12

Homocysteine is a cardiovascular risk factor, its metabolism is influenced by certain B vitamins and it is associated with endothelial dysfunction probably due to impaired bioavailability of NO caused by homocysteine-induced accumulation of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase. On this basis, we investigated the cardiovascular risk factors homocysteine and ADMA in relation to vitamins B(6), B(12) and folate in elderly people.. A total of 102 subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to age: A (70-74y, n = 48), B (75-79y, n = 35) and C (≥80y, n = 19). Plasma levels of vitamin B(6) were determined with HPLC, vitamin B(12) and folate by RIA. Plasma concentrations of homocysteine were analyzed with HPLC and levels of ADMA were measured by ELISA.. Plasma levels of vitamins B(6), B(12) and folate were found to be adequate in 93, 67 and 55% of participants, respectively. This study showed a significant age-associated decrease in vitamins B(6) (A > B, A > C: p < 0.05), B(12) and folate (A > C: p < 0.05) in parallel to a significant age-related increase in the cardiovascular risk factors homocysteine (A < C, B < C: p < 0.05) and ADMA (A < B: p < 0.05; A < C: p < 0.001). Moreover, homocysteine was significantly negatively (p < 0.01) related to vitamins B(6), B(12) and folate, and significantly positively (p < 0.01) correlated to ADMA.. The significant correlation between homocysteine and ADMA observed in this study may be an important mechanism decreasing NO bioavailability and so causing endothelial dysfunction. Due to the significant relation of vitamins B(6), B(12) and folate to plasma homocysteine, these vitamins may thus indirectly influence endothelial function and cardiovascular risk in elderly people.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arginine; Biological Availability; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Male; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Statistics as Topic; Vasodilation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6

Cubam is a multi-ligand receptor involved in dietary uptake of intrinsic factor-vitamin B(12) in the small intestine and reabsorption of various low-molecular-weight proteins (such as albumin, transferrin, apolipoprotein A-I and vitamin D-binding protein) in the kidney. Cubam is composed of two proteins: cubilin and amnionless. Cubilin harbors ligand binding capabilities, while amnionless provides membrane anchorage and potential endocytic capacity via two FXNPXF signals within the cytosolic domain. These signals are similar to the FXNPXY signals found in members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily, which associate with clathrin-associated sorting proteins, including Disabled-2 (Dab2) and autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH), during endocytosis. We therefore investigated the functionality of each amnionless FXNPXF signal and their respective interaction with sorting proteins. By sequential mutation and expression of a panel of amnionless mutants combined with yeast two-hybrid analyses, we demonstrate that the signals are functionally redundant and both are able to mediate endocytosis of cubam through interaction with Dab2 and ARH.

Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; Animals; Apolipoprotein A-I; Cricetinae; Endocytosis; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Intrinsic Factor; Mutation; Protein Binding; Protein Transport; Proteins; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, LDL; Signal Transduction; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D-Binding Protein

The only well confirmed genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the possession of apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele. As it contributes to 40-70% of AD cases, a large proportion of genetic variance may be determined by additional loci. Our aim was to estimate how reported genetic factors (APOE, NOS3, MTHFR) interact to increase the risk for AD and combine them with environmental factors (homocysteine, vitamin B12, cholesterol). Genotyping was performed in 154 AD patients and 176 healthy controls. Levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12 and cholesterol were assessed in subgroups of 100 AD patients and 100 controls. We found a difference in APOE epsilon4 and NOS3 G/G distribution between groups (p<0.005). Plasma total homocysteine was increased and vitamin B12 decreased in AD patients (p<0.001). The influence of APOE epsilon4 and NOS3 G alleles on the risk of AD was independent of homocysteine, vitamin B12 levels and MTHFR status.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Apolipoproteins E; Gene Frequency; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Risk Factors; Vitamin B 12

The aim of this study was to study the relationship between plasma homocysteine (Hcy), folic acid, vitamin B12 and early coronary artery disease (early-CAD) and high coronary risk factors. The plasma Hcy levels of 58 cases with early-CAD and 31 subjects without CAD were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Plasma folic acid and Vitamin B12 levels were measured with radioassay method. The plasma Hcy level was significantly higher in the early-CAD patients than in the controls [(13.7 +/- 5.1) micromol/L vs (10.3 +/- 5.7) micromol/L]. The plasma folic acid and Vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in the early-CAD patients than in the controls. The plasma Hcy level was higher in patients with more than 3 risk factors of CAD than in patients with 1 or 2 risk factors and in the controls [(17.3 +/- 5.1) micromol/ L vs (12.9 +/- 4.8) micromol/L, (7.8 +/- 2.5) micromol/L]. Other than gender, all classical coronary risk factors were related to the elevated Hcy level. Hcy levels were elevated in patients with early-CAD and with high risk factors. Hyperhomocysteinemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CAD.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Coronary Stenosis; Diabetes Complications; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Smoking; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antihypertensive Agents; Arteriosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chlamydia Infections; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Hypertension; Hypolipidemic Agents; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Obesity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic and thrombotic vascular disease. In many patients, hyperhomocysteinemia can be treated or prevented by dietary supplementation with B vitamins, but the clinical benefit of B vitamins for the prevention of vascular disease has not been proven.. Using an atherogenic diet that produces both hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia, we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with B vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B(12), and vitamin B(6)) would prevent hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular dysfunction, and atherosclerotic lesions in monkeys. After 17 months, plasma total homocysteine increased from 3.6+/-0.3 to 11.8+/-1.7 micromol/L in monkeys fed an unsupplemented atherogenic diet (P<0.01) but did not increase in monkeys fed an atherogenic diet supplemented with B vitamins (3.8+/-0.3 micromol/L). Serum cholesterol increased from 122+/-7 to 550+/-59 mg/dL in the unsupplemented group (P<0.001) and from 118+/-5 to 492+/-55 mg/dL in the supplemented group (P<0.001). Responses to endothelium-dependent vasodilators, both in resistance vessels in vivo and in the carotid artery ex vivo, were impaired to a similar extent in groups that did and did not receive vitamin supplements. Anticoagulant responses to the infusion of thrombin were also impaired to a similar extent in both groups. Vitamin supplementation failed to prevent intimal thickening in the carotid or iliac arteries.. These findings demonstrate that supplementation with B vitamins prevents hyperhomocysteinemia but is not sufficient to prevent the development of vascular dysfunction or atherosclerotic lesions in monkeys with marked hypercholesterolemia, even in the absence of preexisting atherosclerosis.

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Coagulation; Carotid Arteries; Cholesterol; Diet, Atherogenic; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Folic Acid; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperhomocysteinemia; In Vitro Techniques; Macaca fascicularis; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Pyridoxine; Thrombin; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Diseases; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents; Vitamin B 12

Mild hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia is a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. In-vitro studies have shown that autooxidation of homocyst(e)ine is accompanied by the generation of oxygen radicals. This may lead to oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and promote atherosclerotic vascular lesions. In male patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease we determined fasting and post methionine load homocyst(e)ine levels by high performance liquid chromatography and the susceptibility of their LDL particles to ex-vivo oxidation by continously measuring the conjugated diene production induced by incubation with copper ions. Oxidation resistance (expressed as lag time), maximal oxidation rate, and extent of oxidation (expressed of total diene production) of LDL from patients with normal or mildly elevated homocyst(e)ine levels did not differ significantly. Folic acid, pyridoxal phosphate and cobalamin supplementation significantly decreased plasma homocyst(e)ine levels in hyperhomocyst(e)inaemic patients. This went along with a significant decrease in the extent of LDL oxidation and additionally increased HDL-cholesterol levels. The clinical relevance of these findings for the long-term course of atherosclerotic vascular disorders has to be determined by intervention studies.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Lipoproteins, LDL; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidation-Reduction; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Risk Factors; Vitamin B 12

Moderate elevation of plasma homocyst(e)ine is associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease. In a previous study, we observed impaired vascular function in nonatherosclerotic monkeys with moderate hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that dietary intervention to lower plasma homocyst(e)ine corrects vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic monkeys. Cynomolgus monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet that produces both hypercholesterolemia and moderate hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. After 17 months, the atherogenic diet was supplemented with B vitamins (5 mg folic acid, 400 micrograms vitamin B-12, and 20 mg vitamin B-6 daily) for 6 months. Total plasma homocyst(e)ine decreased from 12.8 +/- 2.8 to 3.5 +/- 0.3 mumol/L (n = 9; mean +/- SE; P < .01) after vitamins were added to the diet, but plasma cholesterol remained elevated (522 +/- 63 versus 514 +/- 41 mg/dL; P > .05). In response to intra-arterial infusion of collagen, blood flow to the leg decreased by 30 +/- 3% and 38 +/- 5%, respectively, before and after vitamin supplementation (P > .05). In vivo responses of resistance vessels to endothelium-dependent vasodilators (acetylcholine or ADP) were impaired at baseline and did not improve after vitamin supplementation. In carotid artery studied ex vivo, relaxation to low doses of acetylcholine improved after vitamin supplementation, but maximal relaxation remained impaired. Ex vivo thrombomodulin anticoagulant activity was threefold higher in monkeys fed the atherogenic diet (with or without B vitamins) than in normal monkeys (P < .05). We conclude that normalization of plasma homocyst(e)ine is insufficient to restore normal vascular function in atherosclerotic monkeys with persistent hypercholesterolemia and that atherosclerosis, with or without hyperhomocyst(e)inemia, is associated with elevated thrombomodulin activity.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Adenosine Diphosphate; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Stenosis; Cholesterol; Collagen; Diet, Atherogenic; Enzyme Activation; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Homocystine; Hypercholesterolemia; Leg; Macaca fascicularis; Nitroprusside; Protein C; Pyridoxine; Thrombomodulin; Vasodilation; Vasomotor System; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; DEAE-Dextran; Dextrans; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperlipidemias; Middle Aged; Radioimmunoassay; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Experiments on 67 rabbits were performed to examine the injured external cell membranes of the vascular wall, appearing in the blood flow in the course of the development of alimentary hypercholesterolemia. The time of the appearance in the blood plasma of the external cell membranes was judged from the activity of their specific marker, 5'-nucleotidase. An abrupt increase in 5'-nucleotidase activity was disclosed in the blood plasma at the height of hypercholesterolemia. The latter circumstance served as an objective criterion for injury to ther external cell membranes and might be regarded as a risk factor in thrombus formation.

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Blood Vessels; Cell Membrane; Cholesterol; Cobamides; Female; Hypercholesterolemia; Male; Nucleotidases; Phospholipids; Rabbits; Thromboplastin; Vitamin B 12

Adaptation of vitamin B12 absorption by small intestine has been suggested by experimental and clinical studies. Five partial ileal bypass patients and ten jejunoileal bypass patients were studied for adaptation of B12 absorption following surgery. Adaptation of vitamin B12 absorption could not be demonstrated in either group. Few of the patients on an individual basis demonstrated adaptation. Parenteral B12 should be given to all patients who undergo bypass surgery unless evidence of persistent normal B12 absorption has been obtained.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Obesity; Vitamin B 12

Cholestyramine in a mean dosage of 0-6 g/kg/day has been given to 18 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia for between one and two and a half years. With prolonged treatment folate deficiency occurred, as evidenced by a fall in the mean serum folate concentration from 7-7 ng/ml before treatment to 4-4 ng/ml for patients on treatment for over one year; a corresponding lowering of red cell folate was also seen. Oral folic acid 5 mg daily overcame this depletion, and should be given to all patients on long-term anion exchange resins. Prothrombin time has remained normal in all patients; there has been a significant decrease in the mean serum concentrations of vitamins A and E and of inorganic phosphorus over the first two years of treatment, although values remain within the normal range. The routine administration of fat-soluble vitamins appears unnecessary but it is prudent to measure prothrombin time and serum vitamins A and E at intervals. In children who were having a normal intake of dietary fat five out of seven tested had faecal fat of over 5 g/day while on cholestyramine. No chold has developed diarrhoea, and growth has been normal. The concentrations of serum iron, vitamin B12, plasma calcium, and protein did not change significantly in any patient.

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholestyramine Resin; Dietary Fats; Erythrocytes; Feces; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Growth; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Infant; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Phosphorus; Prothrombin Time; Rats; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

Topics: Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Choline; Drug Combinations; Fatty Acids; Female; Flavin Mononucleotide; Heparin; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperlipidemias; Male; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Phospholipids; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Biotransformation; Celiac Disease; Cholelithiasis; Cholestyramine Resin; Diarrhea; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Ileum; Intestinal Diseases; Kidney Calculi; Lipid Metabolism; Malabsorption Syndromes; Obesity; Postoperative Complications; Vitamin B 12; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Feces; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Ileostomy; Intestinal Absorption; Nitrogen; Schilling Test; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adult; Angina Pectoris; Cholesterol; Diarrhea; Feces; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Intestine, Small; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrogen; Postoperative Complications; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Carbon Isotopes; Coronary Disease; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Ileum; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Time Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cobalt Isotopes; Coronary Disease; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Statistics as Topic; Uric Acid; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aged; Anticholesteremic Agents; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Inositol; Male; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Choline; Hypercholesterolemia; Male; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Biological Transport; Cobalt Isotopes; Corrinoids; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Metabolism; Physiology; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Brain; Cholesterol; Corrinoids; Flavonoids; Glutathione; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Neurochemistry; Rutin; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins