vitamin-b-12 and Deficiency-Diseases

Micronutrient deficiencies are relatively common, in particular iron and cobalamin deficiency, and may potentially lead to life-threatening clinical consequences when not promptly recognized and treated, especially in elderly patients. The stomach plays an important role in the homeostasis of some important hematopoietic micronutrients like iron and cobalamin, and probably in others equally important such as ascorbic acid, calcium, and magnesium. A key role is played by the corpus oxyntic mucosa composed of parietal cells whose main function is gastric acid secretion and intrinsic factor production. Gastric acid secretion is necessary for the digestion and absorption of cobalamin and the absorption of iron, calcium, and probably magnesium, and is also essential for the absorption, secretion, and activation of ascorbic acid. Several pathological conditions such as

Topics: Achlorhydria; Animals; Biomarkers; Bone Density; Calcium; Deficiency Diseases; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Hemorrhage; Humans; Micronutrients; Stomach Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Diet as a key factor in determining genomic stability is more important than previously imagined because we now know that it impacts on all relevant pathways, namely exposure to dietary carcinogens, activation/detoxification of carcinogens, DNA repair, DNA synthesis and apoptosis. Current recommended dietary allowances for vitamins and minerals are based largely on the prevention of diseases of deficiency such as scurvy in the case of vitamin C. Because diseases of development, degenerative disease and aging itself are partly caused by damage to DNA it seems logical that we should focus better our attention on defining optimal requirements of key minerals and vitamins for preventing damage to both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. To date, our knowledge on optimal micronutrient levels for genomic stability is scanty and disorganised. However, there is already sufficient evidence to suggest that marginal deficiencies in folate, vitamin B12, niacin and zinc impact significantly on spontaneous chromosome damage rate. The recent data for folate and vitamin B12 in humans with respect to micronucleus formation in blood and epithelial cells provide compelling evidence of the important role of these micronutrients in maintenance of genome integrity and the need to revise current RDAs for these micronutrients based on minimisation of DNA damage. Appropriately designed in vitro studies and in vivo placebo controlled trials with dose responses using a complementary array of DNA damage biomarkers are required to define recommended dietary allowances for genomic stability. Furthermore these studies would have to be targeted to individuals with common genetic polymorphisms that alter the bioavailability of specific micronutrients and the affinity of specific key enzymes involved in DNA metabolism for their micronutrient co-factor. That there is a need for an international collaborative effort to establish RDAs for genomic stability is self-evident.

Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Diet; DNA Damage; DNA, Mitochondrial; Folic Acid; Genome, Human; Humans; Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; Micronutrients; Niacin; Nutrition Policy; Nutritional Requirements; United States; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Increased folate intake reduces the risk of neural tube defects, other malformations and also possibly, pregnancy complications. Increasing evidence suggests that the beneficial effect of folate may be related to improved function of methionine synthase, a vitamin B12-dependent enzyme that converts homocysteine to methionine. In India, the majority of the population adheres to a vegetarian diet known to be deficient in vitamin B12. In such a population, increased folate intake may offer minimal protection against birth defects, whereas vitamin B12 administration should be considered. In this review, is described the metabolism of and interrelations between folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine. This is followed by a brief discussion of some of the proposed mechanisms for their biological effects in relation to birth defects and pregnancy outcome.

Topics: Congenital Abnormalities; Deficiency Diseases; Developing Countries; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Homocysteine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Supplements; Food, Fortified; Health Promotion; Humans; Iron; Nutritional Status; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Deficiency Diseases; Gastrectomy; Humans; Ileal Diseases; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Malabsorption Syndromes; Nutrition Disorders; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

This article, which is the second in a series of two articles, discusses available scientific information on the nutritional status of infants and preschool children on alternative diets with regard to calcium, iron, vitamin B12 and D. Some favourable aspects of alternative food habits in such children are also mentioned. Most studies report low intakes of vitamin D and in vegan and macrobiotic children also of calcium and vitamin B12, but it cannot be excluded that some alternative sources of these nutrient may have been missed. Deficiencies have been described for vitamin D and B12 but the evidence is often unconvincing. For example, exposure to sunlight has not been measured in most of the studies on rickets. From the literature available, it would appear that there is a need for longitudinal research on the growth and development of alternatively fed infants and preschool children and for information on the nutrient composition of alternative foods.

Topics: Calcium, Dietary; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Iron Deficiencies; Netherlands; Nutritional Requirements; Rickets; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

A review of nutritional anaemia in Africa is presented above. It has been noted that nutritional anaemia, including iron-deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia due to folate deficiency or vitamin B12 deficiency, or both, and protein deficiency-anaemia, is widespread throughout Africa. It is particularly common in growing children, women of child-bearing age, pregnant women and lactating mothers. The anaemia is also especially common during the second half of the dry season and the first half of the wet season, when food supplies are limited. In all cases the anaemia is caused either by limited dietary intake, excessive loss of nutrients or excessive utilization. The anaemia is associated with a number of sequelae including both structural changes, like mitochondrial swelling and mucosal atrophy, and functional abnormalities, such as cardiac failure, decreased work output, increased pregnancy risks and increased susceptibility to infections. The evidence in favour of increased susceptibility to infections in megaloblastic anaemia and protein-deficiency anaemia is overwhelming, but in iron-deficiency anaemia the available information argues in favour of reduced susceptibility to infections, except after initiation of iron therapy. The treatment of nutritional anaemia includes replacement of the deficient nutrients (and blood transfusion in severe cases), prevention of further nutrient losses and treatment of associated complications.

Topics: Adult; Africa; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Iron; Male; Pregnancy; Protein Deficiency; Tropical Climate; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Blind Loop Syndrome; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Hypoproteinemia; Intestine, Small; Tropical Climate; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Contraceptives, Oral; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Lactation; Male; Menstruation; Middle Aged; Nutritional Requirements; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sex Factors; United States; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Food, Fortified; Hemoglobins; Humans; International Cooperation; Iron; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Bone and Bones; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Iodine; Iron; Neutron Activation Analysis; Potassium; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Vitamin B 12; Whole-Body Counting

Topics: Adult; Anemia; Animal Feed; Animals; Biological Transport; Body Composition; Child; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Food Analysis; Humans; Iodine; Iron; Liver; Male; Manganese; Nutritional Requirements; Polycythemia; Pregnancy; Thyroid Gland; Vegetables; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Alcoholism; Anticonvulsants; Cyanides; Deficiency Diseases; Electroencephalography; Erythrocytes; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Isoniazid; Nervous System Diseases; Neurocognitive Disorders; Pellagra; Polyneuropathies; Schilling Test; Spinal Cord Diseases; Thiamine Deficiency; Transketolase; Tryptophan; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency; Wernicke Encephalopathy

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Choline; Cystine; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Proteins; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Humans; Lipotropic Agents; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Methionine; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Plant Proteins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Liver; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Abetalipoproteinemia; Agammaglobulinemia; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Biological Transport; Biopsy; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Celiac Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Digestion; Endocrine System Diseases; Glutens; Glycoside Hydrolases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Lymphatic Diseases; Malabsorption Syndromes; Methods; Monosaccharides; Protein-Losing Enteropathies; Psoriasis; Radiography; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12; Whipple Disease

Topics: Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Celiac Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Folic Acid; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Iron; Lipid Metabolism; Malabsorption Syndromes; Nutrition Disorders; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Proteins; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Abetalipoproteinemia; Adult; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bone Marrow; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats; DNA Replication; Erythropoiesis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Iron; Kwashiorkor; RNA; Salmonidae; Selenium; Swine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Altitude; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Ascorbic Acid; Celiac Disease; Climate; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Hematology; Humans; Infant; Metabolism; Nutrition Disorders; Parasitic Diseases; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Poisons; Polycythemia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Radiation Effects; Seasons; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Absorption; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Biological Assay; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Coenzymes; Corrinoids; Deficiency Diseases; Electrophoresis; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Formates; Histidine; Humans; Male; Metabolism; Tritium; Urine; Vitamin B 12

Helicobacter pylori infection and iron and vitamin B(12) deficiencies are widespread in economically disadvantaged populations. There is emerging evidence that H. pylori infection has a negative effect on the absorption of these micronutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of H. pylori infection on the efficacy of micronutrient (including iron and vitamin B(12))-fortified foods supplied for 1 year in marginally nourished children.. In all, 543 Indian children, aged 6-10 years, participated in a double-blind, randomized controlled intervention trial, receiving foods fortified with either high (100% Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)) or low (15% RDA) amounts of iron, vitamin B(12) and other micronutrients. The presence of H. pylori infection was diagnosed by the (13)C-labeled urea breath test at 11 months after the start of the intervention. Blood hemoglobin, serum ferritin (SF), total body iron and plasma vitamin B(12) were estimated at baseline and 12 months, and differences between these time points were assessed using an independent t-test.. Overall, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in this group of children was 79%. Baseline hemoglobin, SF, body iron and vitamin B(12) concentrations were not associated with H. pylori infection. The response to the intervention (either high or low amounts of iron and vitamin B(12) fortification) in terms of change in iron markers and vitamin B(12) status did not differ between children with and without H. pylori infection.. This study shows that the presence of H. pylori infection did not affect the efficacy of long-term iron and vitamin B(12) fortification in these marginally nourished children.

Topics: Breath Tests; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders; Deficiency Diseases; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ferritins; Food, Fortified; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Hemoglobins; Humans; India; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Male; Micronutrients; Prevalence; Vitamin B 12

Animal source foods (ASF) can provide micronutrients in greater amounts and more bioavailable forms compared to plant source foods, but their intake is low in many poor populations. However, the impact of ASF on micronutrient status of undernourished populations has not been assessed. Supplemental meat (60-85 g/d), milk (200-250 mL/d) or energy (isocaloric with the meat and milk, 240-300 kcal/d) were randomly assigned to 555 undernourished school children aged 5-14 y in a rural malaria-endemic area of Kenya, at one school meal daily for one school year. Blood and stool samples were collected at baseline and after 1 y to assess stool parasites, malaria, hemoglobin, serum or plasma C-reactive protein, ferritin, iron, zinc, copper, vitamin B-12, folate and retinol, and erythrocyte riboflavin. At baseline, there was a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (iron, zinc, vitamins A and B-12 and riboflavin), yet plasma ferritin was low in few children, and none had low serum copper. At the end of the year of supplementation, plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations were significantly increased in children fed the Meat or Milk meal; prevalence of severe plus moderate deficiency fell from 80.7% at baseline to 64.1% in the Meat group and from 71.6 to 45.1% in the Milk group, respectively. No significant improvement was observed in the status of other micronutrients compared to the Energy and Control groups, although malaria and other infections may have obscured effects. Supplementation with small amounts of meat or milk reduced the high prevalence of vitamin B-12 deficiency in these children.

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Climate; Cognition; Deficiency Diseases; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Kenya; Malaria; Meat; Micronutrients; Milk; Parasitic Diseases; Prevalence; Vitamin B 12

The purpose of this article was to determine the prevalence of iron, vitamin B12, and folate deficiency and to evaluate the erythropoietin (EPO) response to anemia in a cohort of long-term intensive care unit (ICU) patients.. All patients admitted to three academic medical center multidisciplinary ICUs were screened for eligibility into a randomized trial of EPO for the treatment of ICU anemia. On their second or third ICU day, patients enrolled in this trial had EPO levels drawn and were screened for iron, B12, and folate deficiency. Weekly EPO levels were obtained throughout patients' ICU stay.. A total of 184 patients were screened for iron, B12, and folate deficiency. Sixteen patients (9%) were iron deficient by study criteria, 4 (2%) were B12 deficient, and 4 (2%) were folate deficient. Mean hemoglobin and reticulocyte percents of the remaining 160 patients were 10.3 +/- 1.2 g/dL and 1.66 +/- 1.09%, respectively. In most patients, serum iron and total iron binding capacity levels were very low, whereas ferritin levels were very high. Mean and median day 2 EPO levels were 35.2 +/- 35.6 mIU/mL and 22.7 mIU/mL, respectively (normal = 4.2-27.8). Serial EPO levels in most persistently anemic patients remained within the normal range.. In this cohort, screening for iron, B12, and folate deficiency identified potentially correctable abnormalities in more than 13% of patients and should be considered in those who are anticipated to have long ICU stays. Even at an early point of critical illness, most patients had iron studies consistent with anemia of chronic disease (ACD), as well as a blunted EPO response that may contribute to this ACD-like anemia of critical illness.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia; APACHE; Cohort Studies; Critical Illness; Deficiency Diseases; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Male; Middle Aged; Recombinant Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Hematological parameters and serum ferritin were compared between 179 vegetarians and 58 control subjects using Hematology analyzer H3 and microparticle enzyme immunoassay, respectively. Serum Vitamin B12 was also compared between 68 vegetarians and 30 control subjects using microparticle enzyme immunoassay. It was found that hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cells, neutrophils, serum ferritin and serum vitamin B12 in vegetarian were significantly lower than control subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, red cell distribution width and lymphocytes in vegetarians were significantly higher than control subjects (P < 0.05). There were 34 cases of iron deficiency in 179 vegetarians (19.%) which can be classified to iron depletion (4 cases), iron deficient erythropoiesis (12 cases) and iron deficiency anemia (18 cases). Vitamin B12 deficiency was found in 27 cases of 68 vegetarians (40%).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Deficiency Diseases; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Ferritins; Hematologic Tests; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thailand; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Proteins; Clinical Trials as Topic; Deficiency Diseases; Drug Synergism; Female; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Protein Binding; Transferrin; Vitamin B 12

Nutritional deficiencies are a well-recognized long-term complication following bariatric surgery. The presence of preoperative deficiencies has been shown to be predictive of postoperative deficiencies.. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in a large sample of patients with severe obesity preoperatively, and to determine whether such deficiencies may be related to patient's sex, body mass index, or ethnic subgroup.. A cross-sectional study of data collected at the time of the preoperative evaluation.. Data were collected during the preoperative evaluation of 872 bariatric surgery candidates in a university hospital in Israel between 2011 and 2018. The patients were 72.9% women, with a mean age of 37.9±12.1 years and mean body mass index of 42.4±4.7 MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nutritional deficiencies according to blood assays. Data on anthropometrics, comorbidities, and demographic characteristics was also collected.. Baseline differences between patient subgroups were analyzed using independent-samples t test, analysis of variance, or χ. Deficiencies of vitamin D, iron, folate, vitamin B-12, elevated parathyroid hormone and low transferrin saturation were present in 75.2%, 42.6%, 28.5%, 8.5%, 35.5%, and 70% of patients, respectively. Nutritional deficiencies were significantly more common among women compared with men for iron (45.9% vs 33.5%; P=0.002), low transferrin saturation (77.7% vs 44.6%; P<0.001), vitamin D (77.5% vs 69.2%; P=0.019) and elevated parathyroid hormone level (39.5% vs 22.9%; P=0.002). Iron, transferrin saturation, and vitamin D deficiencies were more prevalent in Arab patients compared with Jewish patients: 59.6% vs 36%; P<0.001, 80.2% vs 62.8%; P=0.003, and 85.1% vs 71.6%; P<0.001, respectively. Vitamin D and iron deficiency were more common among higher body mass index subgroups (P=0.004 and P=0.040, respectively).. The results indicate a high prevalence of nutritional deficiencies, mainly of iron and vitamin D in bariatric surgery candidates. Patients at higher risk for nutritional deficiencies include those with higher body mass index, women, and Arabs.

Topics: Adult; Arabs; Bariatric Surgery; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Israel; Male; Micronutrients; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Obesity, Morbid; Preoperative Period; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D

Endobarrier® is a minimally invasive, reversible endoscopic treatment for obesity. It provokes malabsorption along 60 cm of the small intestine, which can contribute to the development of vitamin deficiencies and to changes in bone mineral density (BMD). To determine the prevalence of nutrient deficiencies, changes in body composition and BMD during the first year after Endobarrier® placement. Twenty-one patients with type 2 diabetes met inclusion criteria. Levels of vitamins, micro and macronutrients were assessed prior and at 1, 3 and 12 months post-operatively. DEXA was performed before and 12 months after implant. Nineteen patients completed the 12 months follow-up. Vitamin D deficiency was the most prevalent finding before Endobarrier® implant. The percentage of patients with severe deficiency decreased from 19 to 5% at 12 months after supplementation. Microcytic anaemia was initially present in 9.5% of patients and increased to 26.3% at 12 months. Low ferritin and vitamin B12 levels were observed in 14.2 and 4.8% of patients before the implant and worsened to 42 and 10.5%. Low concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus were also common but improved along the study. A significant but not clinically relevant decrease in BMD of 4.14 ± 4.0% at the femoral neck was observed at 12 months without changes in osteocalcin levels. Vitamin deficiencies are common after Endobarrier® implant. It is therefore important to screen patients prior to and at regular intervals after the implant, and to encourage adherence to diet counselling and supplementation.

Topics: Anemia; Avitaminosis; Bone Density; Deficiency Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Femur Neck; Ferritins; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Phosphorus; Prostheses and Implants; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin D Deficiency

Inadequate maternal micronutrient status during pregnancy can lead to short- and long-term health risks for mother and offspring. The present study investigated the association between pre-pregnancy weight status and micronutrient status during pregnancy.. Maternal blood samples were collected during early pregnancy (median 13, interquartile range 12-15 weeks) and were assayed for serum folate, ferritin, Fe and vitamin B12. Regression modelling was used to assess the association between pre-pregnancy underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity, and micronutrient levels, as well as the odds for deficiencies.. The Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study, the Netherlands.. Women with singleton pregnancies without diabetes (n 4243).. After adjustment for covariates, overweight women and obese women had lower (β; 95 % CI) folate (-1·2; -2·2, -0·2 and -2·3; -4·0, -0·7 nmol/l, respectively) and Fe (-1·7; -2·3, -1·1 and -3·6; -4·7, -2·6 μmol/l, respectively) levels than women with normal weight. Furthermore, overweight women had 6 % (95 % CI -9, -3 %) and obese women had 15 % (-19, -10 %), lower vitamin B12 levels, and obese women had 19 % (6, 32 %) higher ferritin levels, than normal-weight women. Obese women had higher odds (OR; 95 % CI) for folate deficiency (2·03; 1·35, 3·06), Fe deficiency (3·26; 2·09, 5·08) and vitamin B12 deficiency (2·05; 1·41, 2·99) than women with normal weight. Underweight was not associated with micronutrient status.. During early pregnancy, women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity had lower serum folate, Fe and vitamin B12 status. This resulted in increased risk of serum folate, Fe and vitamin B12 deficiencies in women with obesity.

Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Ideal Body Weight; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Micronutrients; Nutritional Status; Odds Ratio; Overweight; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Regression Analysis; Thinness; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Our earlier studies indicate that micronutrients (vitamin B12, folic acid) and omega-3 fatty acids especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are interlinked in one carbon cycle. The present study examines the effects of a sustained vitamin B12 deficiency/supplementation in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids across two generations on the pregnancy outcome and cardiometabolic profile [blood pressure, plasma lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides), plasma/liver fatty acid profile and hepatic lipid metabolism] in the second generation adult Wistar rat offspring. Two generations of animals were fed the following diets: control; vitamin B12 deficient; vitamin B12 supplemented; vitamin B12 deficient diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids; vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid supplemented diets. Male offspring were sacrificed at 3 months of age. Vitamin B12 deficiency lowered the weight gain (p < 0.01) during pregnancy, increased systolic (p < 0.05) and diastolic (p < 0.01) blood pressure, and lowered the levels of plasma/liver DHA (p < 0.05 for both) but did not affect the lipid profile. Vitamin B12 supplementation showed weight gain, blood pressure and the fatty acid profile similar to the control. However, it increased (p < 0.05) the levels of plasma triglycerides. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to the vitamin B12 deficient group lowered the weight gain although the levels of cardiometabolic variables were comparable to the control. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in the presence of vitamin B12 improved the pregnancy outcome and all cardio-metabolic variables. Our study highlights the adverse effects of sustained vitamin B12 deficiency across two generations on the pregnancy outcome, fatty acid profile and blood pressure while a combined supplementation of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids is beneficial.

Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Fetal Development; Hypertriglyceridemia; Lactation; Liver; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Organ Size; Overweight; Pregnancy; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Weaning; Weight Gain

To establish a nutritional and constitutional profile concerning the micronutrient plasma concentration of patients who suffer from AWS.. Observational case control study to determine whether patients who exhibited symptoms of AWS (N = 60) had micronutrient plasmatic concentration deficiencies when compared with healthy controls (N = 34).. There were statistically significant differences between the concentrations of nutrients that are correlated with glutamate hyperactivity (zinc, magnesium and folate/vitamin B12/homocysteine).. Evidence from literature and our experiment suggests that brain activity, especially the glutamatergic system, might be directly involved in micronutrient concentrations. Therefore, their supplementation to the AWS patient might improve symptom evolution.

Topics: Adult; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Calcitriol; Case-Control Studies; Deficiency Diseases; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Iron; Magnesium; Male; Micronutrients; Middle Aged; Severity of Illness Index; Transferrin; Tretinoin; Vitamin B 12; Young Adult; Zinc

Severely obese subjects have been found to show a high prevalence of distinct nutritional deficiencies even without any bariatric intervention but the underlying reasons remain obscure. We tested the hypothesis that gastric Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with increased nutritional deficiency rates. Taking advantage of our large database, we identified 404 patients who had undergone a gastroscopy--as a standard diagnostic assessment before bariatric surgery--along with a histological examination of gastric mucosal biopsies with concurrent nutritional blood measurements. Eighty-five (21 %) of the obese patients included in the study displayed a gastric H. pylori infection. Sex distribution, age and body mass index did not differ between H. pylori+ and H. pylori- patients (P > 0.29). Referring to nutritional markers, neither serum levels of total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, ferritin, zinc, copper, vitamin B12, folate and 25-OH vitamin D3 nor respective deficiency rates differed between the H. pylori+ and H. pylori- patients group (all P > 0.13). Overall, 49.5 % of the bariatric candidates displayed at least one nutritional deficiency. Our data confirm previous reports on high prevalences of nutritional deficiencies in severely obese subjects. However, they do not provide evidence for a contributing role of gastric H. pylori infection to these nutritional alterations.

Topics: Adult; Calcium; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Gastroscopy; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity, Morbid; Patient Selection; Preoperative Period; Prevalence; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Methyl donor deficiency (MDD) during pregnancy influences intrauterine development. Ghrelin is expressed in the stomach of fetuses and influences fetal growth, but MDD influence on gastric ghrelin is unknown. We examined the gastric ghrelin system in MDD-induced intrauterine growth retardation. By using specific markers and approaches (such as periodic acid-Schiff, bromodeoxyuridine, homocysteine, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling, immunostaining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), we studied the gastric oxyntic mucosa cellular organization and ghrelin gene expression in the mucosa in 20-day-old fetuses and weanling pups, and plasma ghrelin concentration in weanling rat pups of dams either normally fed or deprived of choline, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 during gestation and suckling periods. MDD fetuses weighed less than controls; the weight deficit reached 57% at weaning (P < 0.001). Both at the end of gestation and at weaning, they presented with an aberrant gastric oxyntic mucosa formation with loss of cell polarity, anarchic cell migration, abnormal progenitor differentiation, apoptosis, and signs of surface layer erosion. Ghrelin cells were abnormally located in the pit region of oxyntic glands. At weaning, plasma ghrelin levels were decreased (-28%; P < 0.001) despite unchanged mRNA expression in the stomach. This decrease was associated with lower body weight. Taken together, these data indicate that one mechanism through which MDD influences fetal programming is the remodeling of gastric cellular organization, leading to dysfunction of the ghrelin system and dramatic effects on growth.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cell Lineage; Choline; Deficiency Diseases; Enteroendocrine Cells; Female; Fetal Development; Folic Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Ghrelin; Growth Hormone; Homocysteine; Immunohistochemistry; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B 12; Weaning

Anemia in older persons is commonly overlooked despite mounting evidence that low hemoglobin levels are a significant marker of physiologic decline. Using the World Health Organization definition of anemia (hemoglobin level less than 13 g per dL [130 g per L] in men and less than 12 g per dL [120 g per L] in women), more than 10 percent of persons older than 65 years are anemic. The prevalence increases with age, approaching 50 percent in chronically ill patients living in nursing homes. There is increasing evidence that even mild anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Anemia warrants evaluation in all older persons, except those at the end of life or who decline interventions. About one third of persons have anemia secondary to a nutritional deficiency, one third have anemia caused by chronic inflammation or chronic kidney disease, and one third have unexplained anemia. Nutritional anemia is effectively treated with vitamin or iron replacement. Iron deficiency anemia often is caused by gastrointestinal bleeding and requires further investigation in most patients. Anemia of chronic inflammation or chronic kidney disease may respond to treatment of the underlying disease and selective use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. The treatment of unexplained anemia is difficult, and there is little evidence that treatment decreases morbidity and mortality, or improves quality of life. Occasionally, anemia may be caused by less common but potentially treatable conditions, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, malignancy, or myelodysplastic syndrome.

Topics: Aged; Algorithms; Anemia; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Hematinics; Homocysteine; Humans; Inflammation; Iron Compounds; Male; Medical History Taking; Methylmalonic Acid; Physical Examination; Renal Insufficiency; Reticulocyte Count; Vitamin B 12

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been recently introduced as a stand-alone, restrictive bariatric surgery. Theoretically, LSG attenuates micronutrients deficiencies and associated complications that typically observed following malabsorptive procedures. The aim of this study was to assess iron indices and the 1-year incidence of iron deficiency in patients undergoing LSG.. This was a prospective, cohort study; patients who underwent LSG from June 2007 to April 2008 at our institution were screened for inclusion. Preoperative hemoglobin and iron indices including serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor were compared to their levels at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Similarly, vitamin B12 and red blood cell (RBC) folate were analyzed as secondary end points. Weight parameters and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were compared before surgery and 1 year postoperatively.. A total of 61 patients were included in the study. One year after surgery, there was a significant decrease in the mean body mass index from 47.5 +/- 9.6 to 30.5 +/- 6.5 (P < 0.001). The incidence of iron deficiency was 4.9% at both follow-up time points. Anemia was evident in 4.9% of patients 1 year postoperatively. Significant decrease in the means of the natural logarithm of vitamin B12 and RBC folate were observed as early as 6 months after surgery (P = 0.014; P < 0.005, respectively). The decrease in mean CRP level 12 months postoperatively was statistically significant compared to its preoperative value (P < 0.0001).. LSG is an effective procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity and its associated inflammatory state. One year after surgery, development of iron deficiency was insignificant.

Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Body Mass Index; C-Reactive Protein; Cohort Studies; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocytes; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Gastrectomy; Humans; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Laparoscopy; Male; Obesity, Morbid; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Receptors, Transferrin; Transferrin; Vitamin B 12; Weight Loss

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health conditions and can affect people of all ages, but it is becoming more common among the older population with increasing life expectancy. Observational studies have found poor micronutrient status (particularly folate and vitamin B12) to be associated with an increased risk of depression in older people. Supplementation with folic acid has been shown to enhance anti-depressant drug treatment and there is preliminary evidence that supplementation with certain micronutrients may help improve depressive symptoms in older patients. There has also been a lot of interest in the role of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in depression. However, the evidence from randomized controlled trials is limited and difficult to evaluate owing to considerable variability between studies. The research highlights the importance of a healthy diet and lifestyle to help maintain good mental health into old age and health professionals should try to support older people in trying to achieve this.

Topics: Aged; Deficiency Diseases; Depression; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dietetics; Exercise; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Feeding Behavior; Folic Acid; Humans; Life Style; Nutritional Status; Patient Education as Topic; Risk Factors; Vitamin B 12

Hypocobalaminaemia in cats has previously been identified, but the incidence reported has varied, and the frequency of folate deficiency is unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of low cobalamin and folate levels in a population of cats that were suffering predominantly from diseases of the alimentary tract (including the liver and pancreas) and to ascertain whether severity of disease (as assessed by bodyweight and body condition score (BCS)) related to degree of deficiency. The study population comprised 103 cats, of which 16.5% had low cobalamin levels and 38.8% had low folate levels. A serendipitous finding was inorganic phosphate levels below the reference range in 48% of the cases. Significant associations were found between subnormal cobalamin levels and median BCS (P=0.049); combined low folate and low cobalamin and bodyweight (P=0.002), BCS (P=0.024) and inorganic phosphate levels (P=0.003). The finding of low levels of folate and cobalamin in clinical cases suggests that supplementation may be indicated more frequently than is currently recognised.

Topics: Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Incidence; Male; Phosphates; Scotland; Severity of Illness Index; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

AIDS patients are vulnerable to B12 deficiencies and some have countered malabsorption with regular B12 injections. A new gel has been developed for intranasal administration and is available by prescription. Nascobal (cyanocobalamin, USP) is administered into one nostril weekly and sustains a more consistent blood level of the vitamin than monthly injections.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Deficiency Diseases; Gels; Humans; Self Care; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Liver; Vitamin B 12

In a flock of thirty lambs ten animals showed symptoms of photosensitisation within a short period of time. Soon after treatment with vitamin B12 the symptoms disappeared. Clinical examination, differential diagnosis, treatment and course of the disease are discussed. It is assumed that the lambs suffered from 'white liver disease'.

Topics: Animals; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Liver Diseases; Photosensitivity Disorders; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

The results of a large number of nutritional screen requests (n = 871) were compared with corresponding values of erythrocyte indices considered predictive of nutritional deficiencies to determine if such indices could be used in a prospective screening procedure to restrict the number of serum vitamin B12, folate, and ferritin assays. Low mean cell haemoglobins (MCH less than 27 pg) were found to be superior to low mean cell volumes (MCV less than 77 fl), in predicting low serum ferritin values. The occurrence of deficient ferritin values was 90% when the MCH was very low (MCH less than 23 pg). Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency could not be predicted from the MCV. A normal MCV was found in more than 55% of vitamin B12 deficient samples and some 30% of serum B12 deficients (less than 150 micrograms/l) showed no evidence of anaemia (Hb greater than 12 gm/dl) or macrocytosis (MCV less than 100 fl). It would not seem appropriate to use erythrocyte indices alone as a method of selecting samples for further investigation of folate or vitamin B12 status.

Topics: Adult; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocyte Indices; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Humans; Mass Screening; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin B 12

The objective of this article is to familiarize the dentist with clinical signs and laboratory methods used in diagnosing nutritional deficiencies, and to indicate which laboratory methods may be useful to the clinician in cases of suspected nutritional deficiency. It should be noted that the suggested laboratory methods were selected on the basis of their applicability for the clinical situation as well as their reliability as indicators of nutritional status. Therefore these suggested methods of choice may not in every instance be the most accurate of all indicators of nutritional status for a particular nutrient. The dentist who wishes to utilize one of the laboratory methods has a number of options. He can take the appropriate sample in his office, or refer the patient directly to a clinical laboratory for the simpler analyses, or refer his patient to a physician for appropriate metabolic testing. The first option may be more appropriate for the dentist practicing in areas where a clinical laboratory is not within reasonable distance. In this instance the dentist should contact the laboratory for specific information, such as sample volume and special instructions for taking, handling, and shipping the sample. The second option is available to the dentist practicing in an urban area where clinical laboratory facilities are readily available. Finally, the dentist should work in conjunction with a physician when complex metabolic testing is required.

Topics: Anthropometry; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Proteins; Calcium; Deficiency Diseases; Gingival Diseases; Humans; Iron; Lip Diseases; Medical History Taking; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Tongue Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamin E

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Proteins; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Lactation; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; New Guinea; Pregnancy; Protein Binding; Sex Factors; Splenomegaly; Thalassemia; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrectomy; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Protein Binding; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Anemia; Animals; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Male; Milk; Nepal; Nutrition Surveys; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Carbon Dioxide; Cell Survival; Chromium Radioisotopes; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocyte Aging; Feces; Folic Acid; Galactosidases; Intestine, Small; Iron; Iron Radioisotopes; Jejunum; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Rats; Tritium; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Appetite; Body Weight; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Glycine max; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Methionine; Nutritional Requirements; Plant Proteins; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Glycine max; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Methionine; Nutritional Requirements; Plant Proteins; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Iron; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Dominican Republic; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Intestines; Iron; Lipid Metabolism; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Nitrogen; Nutrition Disorders; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pregnancy; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocytes; Folic Acid; Gastrectomy; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Transferrin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Tetrahydrofolates; Transferrin; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Deficiency Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hemoglobins; Liver; Male; Nicotinic Acids; Nutritional Requirements; Pantothenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Rats; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Zinc

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascariasis; Blood Proteins; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Iron; Male; Philippines; Transferrin; Trichuriasis; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Butyrates; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Fatty Acids; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Formates; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Propionates; Rumen; Sheep; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Male; Malonates; Methanol; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Biological Assay; Body Composition; Cobalt Isotopes; Cobamides; Deficiency Diseases; Euglena gracilis; Female; Gastrectomy; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Gastric Juice; Guinea Pigs; Ileum; Immunodiffusion; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Trypsin; Trypsin Inhibitors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Diet Therapy; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iron; Male; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Requirements; Pregnancy; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aging; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Creatinine; Deficiency Diseases; FIGLU Test; Germ-Free Life; Glutamates; Imidazoles; Intestines; Male; Malonates; Methionine; Rats; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Feces; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Achlorhydria; Anemia, Pernicious; Antibodies; Biopsy; Cobalt Isotopes; Complement Fixation Tests; Deficiency Diseases; Fats; Feces; Female; Folic Acid; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Humans; India; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Blood Protein Disorders; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypoproteinemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Liver Diseases; Liver Extracts; Male; Nucleosides; Uridine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Calcium; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Iron; Lice Infestations; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Pneumonia; Seizures; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Arginine; Betaine; Body Weight; Chickens; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Creatine; Cystine; Deficiency Diseases; Depression, Chemical; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Glycine; Glycine max; Guanidines; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Methionine; Muscles; Ornithine; Stimulation, Chemical; Urea; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Zea mays

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Carotenoids; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Ethanol; Feces; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Glucose; Hemoglobins; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Disorders; Perfusion; Serum Albumin; Sodium; Tritium; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Animals; Choline; Congenital Abnormalities; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Estrus; Female; Fertility; Fetal Death; Folic Acid; Formaldehyde; Glycine; Growth; Hernia, Umbilical; Hydrocephalus; Kidney Cortex Necrosis; Male; Niacinamide; Nutritional Requirements; Oxidation-Reduction; Pregnancy; Rats; Reproduction; Sarcosine; Spinal Dysraphism; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Blood Proteins; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Feces; Hemoglobinometry; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow Cells; Child; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Socioeconomic Factors; Vitamin B 12

The concentrations of CoA in the livers of severely vitamin B(12)-deficient ewes were about 2.6 times those in pair-fed animals treated with vitamin B(12). When the feeding rates of the pair-fed animals were closely similar, the concentrations of methylmalonic acid in deficient livers were about twice those in vitamin B(12)-sufficient livers. The molar concentrations of CoA present were more than three times those of methylmalonic acid in both deficient and treated animals, and it is concluded that the elevated concentrations of CoA in the deficient livers were not primarily due to accumulation of methylmalonyl-CoA.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Cobalt; Coenzyme A; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Female; Liver; Malonates; Organ Size; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Sheep; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Electrophoresis; Enterococcus faecalis; Folic Acid; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Lactobacillus; Liver; Male; Methionine; Nitrogen; Radioisotopes; Rats; Transferases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Body Weight; Coenzymes; Deficiency Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Proteins; Egypt; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Erythropoiesis; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Infant; Iron; Iron-Dextran Complex; Kwashiorkor; Nutrition Disorders; Protein Deficiency; Reticulocytes; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

Topics: Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Cobalt; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Sheep; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Hemoglobins; Humans; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aged; Antibodies; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Examination; Deficiency Diseases; Diverticulum; Fats; Feces; Female; Folic Acid; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Malabsorption Syndromes; Neomycin; Schilling Test; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amides; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Deficiency Diseases; Depression, Chemical; Diet; Growth; Imidazoles; Indicators and Reagents; Methionine; Rats; Spectrophotometry; Thyroid Hormones; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Child; Cholesterol; Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Diarrhea; Folic Acid; Haiti; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Protein Deficiency; Rural Health; Serum Albumin; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Biopsy; Cholesterol; Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Therapy; Fats; Feces; Female; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Mexico; Middle Aged; Radiography; Serum Albumin; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Bone Marrow Examination; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Folic Acid; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; India; Infant; Iron; Protein Deficiency; Reticulocytes; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow; Deficiency Diseases; Diet Therapy; Female; Folic Acid; Hematocrit; Humans; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Uremia; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Australia; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Cobalt; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Heart; Kidney; Liver; Male; Minerals; Muscles; Myocardium; Protein Deficiency; Selenium; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin B 12; Wool

Topics: Animals; Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Kidney; Liver; Rats; Tryptophan; Urine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Deficiency Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Methionine; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Brazil; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Therapy; Dietary Proteins; Drug Therapy; Erythrocyte Count; Folic Acid; Glycine max; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Infant; Milk; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Cobalt Isotopes; Cystine; Deficiency Diseases; Histidine; Isoleucine; Kidney; Leucine; Liver; Methionine; Nitrogen; Rats; Tryptophan; Urine; Valine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Asthenia; Coenzymes; Deficiency Diseases; Emaciation; Humans; Liver Diseases; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Alcoholism; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anorexia Nervosa; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Celiac Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Therapy; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sprue, Tropical; United Kingdom; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Vomiting

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Blood Transfusion; Deficiency Diseases; Deglutition Disorders; Digoxin; Diuretics; Esophagoscopy; Geriatrics; Hematinics; Humans; Iron; Plummer-Vinson Syndrome; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Anemia, Macrocytic; Breast Neoplasms; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Gastroenterology; Geriatrics; Hemorrhage; Humans; Liver Diseases; Liver Extracts; Multiple Myeloma; Nucleosides; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Postpartum Period; Rheumatic Fever; Sepsis; Toxicology; Virus Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Anemia, Pernicious; Celiac Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Diagnosis; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Malabsorption Syndromes; Physiology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Diet; Diet Therapy; Dumping Syndrome; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Malnutrition; Oleic Acid; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Stomach Neoplasms; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Suture Techniques; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Pernicious; Black People; Blood Chemical Analysis; Bone Marrow; Deficiency Diseases; Drug Therapy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Glutamates; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Intrinsic Factor; Pathology; Pharmacology; Urine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Blood Cell Count; Deficiency Diseases; Drug Therapy; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Malabsorption Syndromes; Metabolism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Kwashiorkor; Pellagra; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Folic Acid; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; India; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iron; Iron Metabolism Disorders; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adenosine Triphosphate; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Transfusion; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Infant; Liver Extracts; NAD; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Essential; Cobalt Isotopes; Corrinoids; Deficiency Diseases; Metabolism; Protein Deficiency; Radiometry; Rats; Research; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Topics: Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Essential; Deficiency Diseases; Histidine; Kidney; Liver; Lysine; Metabolism; Rats; Research; Tryptophan; Urine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Topics: Animals; Corrinoids; Deficiency Diseases; Hematinics; Pantothenic Acid; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Deficiency

Topics: Child; Deficiency Diseases; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Infant; Mouth; Nutritional Status; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Ataxia; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Spinal Cord; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex